TABLE 2.
Prevalence of type 2 diabetes by quintiles of dietary intake in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007–2014)
| Variable | OR (95% CI) per quintile category of dietary intake a | p linear b | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | |||
| Calcium (mg/day) | |||||||
| 397 | 617 | 812 | 1,051 | 1502 | |||
| Case/n | 812/4,100 | 761/4,096 | 742/4,098 | 578/4,091 | 539/4,095 | ||
| Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.9 (0.7,1.1) | 0.9 (0.8,1.0) | 0.8 (0.6, 0.9) | 0.7 (0.6, 0.9) | .042 | |
| Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.0 (0.8,1.2) | 1.2 (103,1.4) | 1.1 (0.8,1.4) | 1.1 (0.8 ,1.5) | .169 | |
| Model 3 | 1.00 | 1.0 (0.8,1.2) | 1.2 (1.0 , 1.4) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.1) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.5) | .226 | |
| Model 4 | 1.2 (1.0, 1.5) | 1.1 (0.9,1.4) | 1.1 (0.9,1.3) | Reference | 0.9 (0.8, 1.1) | ||
| Model 5 | 0.8 (0.70, 1.1) | 0.9 (0.7,1.1) | 1.0 (0.8,1.3) | Reference | 1.0 (0.8, 1.3) | ||
| Model 6 | 0.8 (0.7,1.14) | 0.9 (0.7,1.1) | 1.0 (0.8,1.3) | Reference | 1.0 (0.8, 1.2) | ||
| Magnesium (mg/day) | |||||||
| 152 | 215 | 265 | 328 | 445 | |||
| Case/n | 855/4,137 | 739/4,089 | 712/4,096 | 616/4,068 | 510/4,090 | ||
| Model 1 | 1.000 | 0.8 (0.7, 0.9) | 0.8 (0.6, 0.9) | 0.7 (0.5, 0.8) | 0.5 (0.4, 0.6) | .000 | |
| Model 2 | 1.000 | 0.9 (0.7, 1.3) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.3) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.3) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.3) | .699 | |
| Model 3 | 1.000 | 0.9 (0.7, 1.1) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.3) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.3) | 0.9 (0.7,1.33) | .906 | |
| Model 4 | 1.4 (1.1, 1.7) | 1.1 (1.0,1.41) | 1.1 (1.0, 1.3) | Reference | 0.7 (0.6 ,0.9) | ||
| Model 5 | 0.8 (0.7, 1.0) | 0.8 (0.71, 1.0) | 1.0 (0.8 ,1.2) | Reference | 0.9 (0.7, 1.1) | ||
| Model 6 | 0.9 (0.7, 1.1) | 0.8 (0.7, 1.0) | 1.0 (0.8 ,1.2) | Reference | 0.9 (0.7 ,1.1) | ||
| Ratio of calcium to magnesium | |||||||
| 1.76 | 2.45 | 3.06 | 3.75 | 4.98 | |||
| Case/n | 725/4,096 | 681/4,096 | 698/4,096 | 660/4,096 | 668/4,096 | ||
| Model 1 | 1.000 | 0.9 (0.8, 1.1) | 0.9 (0.8, 1.1) | 1.0 (0.9, 1.2) | 1.2 (1.0 ,1.4) | .016 | |
| Model 2 | 1.000 | 1.0 (0.8, 1.1) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.2) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.3) | 1.2 (1.0, 1.5) | .010 | |
| Vitamin D (μg/day) | |||||||
| 1.40 | 3.45 | 5.20 | 7.45 | 12.70 | |||
| Case/n | 1,320/7,892 | 848/4,639 | 541/3,176 | 430/2,808 | 293/1,965 | ||
| Model 1 | 1.000 | 1.0 (0.9, 1.2) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.0) | 0.7 (0.6 ,0.9) | 0.9 (0.7 ,1.0) | .046 | |
| Model 2 | 1.000 | 1.1 (0.9, 1.2) | 0.8 (0.7, 1.0) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.0) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.3) | .605 | |
| Model 3 | 1.000 | 1.1 (0.9 ,1.2) | 0.8 (0.7 ,1.0) | 0.8 (0.6 ,1.0) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.3) | .567 | |
| Model 4 | 1.1 (1.1, 1.6) | 1.4 (1.1, 1.7) | 1.2 (1.0, 1.4) | Reference | 1.20 (0.9, 1.5) | ||
| Model 5 | 1.1 (0.9, 1.4) | 1.2 (1.0, 1.5) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.2) | Reference | 1.2 (0.9, 1.5) | ||
| Model 6 | 1.1 (0.9 ,1.4) | 1.2 (1.0, 1.5) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.2) | Reference | 1.1 (0.9, 1.5) | ||
Model 1 was adjusted for age, gender and race; model 2 was additionally adjusted for BMI groups (kg/m2), education level, exercise regularly (yes/no), current smoker (yes/no), current drinker (yes/no), annual household income, Energy‐Groups, total vitamin‐D (for the model including calcium, magnesium quintile, Ca:Mg ratio quintile) or total Ca:Mg ratio intake (for the model including Vitamin‐D quintile) Model 3 was additionally adjusted for total calcium (model including magnesium quintile), total calcium for the (model including magnesium quintile).
Model included the median value for each quintile of consumption as a continuous variable.