TABLE 3.
Prevalence of type 2 diabetes by quintiles of dietary intake by gender in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007–2014)
| OR (95% CI) per quintile category of dietary intake a | p linear b | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | ||
| Male | ||||||
| Calcium (mg/day) | ||||||
| mg/day | 397 | 618 | 816 | 1,058 | 1538 | |
| Case/n | 365/1683 | 372/1722 | 347/1865 | 333/2146 | 358/2561 | |
| Model 1 | 1.000 | 1.0 (0.8, 1.3) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.1) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.0) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.0) | .093 |
| Model 2 | 1.000 | 1.2 (0.9, 1.6) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.5) | 1.1 (0.8 ,1.6) | 1.3 (0.9, 1.9) | .295 |
| Model 3 | 1.000 | 1.2 (0.90,1.64) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.5) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.5) | 1.2 (0.8, 1.8) | .391 |
| Model 4 | 1.1 (0.9,1.5) | 1.2 (0.9 ,1.7) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.3) | Reference | 1.0 (0.8, 1.3) | |
| Model 5 | 0.8 (0.6,1.1) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.4) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.2) | Reference | 1.12 (0.8, 1.4) | |
| Model 6 | 0.8 (0.6,1.1) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.1) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.2) | Reference | 1.0 (0.8, 1.4) | |
| Magnesium (mg/day) | ||||||
| mg/day | 153 | 216 | 268 | 329 | 451 | |
| Case/n | 338/1416 | 322/1615 | 362/1900 | 372/2244 | 381/2802 | |
| Model 1 | 1.000 | 0.9 (0.6, 1.2) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.1) | 0.7 (0.5 ,0.9) | 0.6 (0.4 ,0.8) | .01 |
| Model 2 | 1.000 | 1.1 (0.8, 1.5) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.7) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.7) | 1.2 (0.8 ,1.8) | .566 |
| Model 3 | 1.000 | 1.1 (0.7, 1.5) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.7) | 1.2 (0.8 ,1.7) | 1.1 (0.7 ,1.7) | .787 |
| Model 4 | 1.3 (1.0,1.7) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.5) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.4) | Reference | 0.8 (0.6, 1.0) | |
| Model 5 | 0.7 (0.5 ,1.0) | 0.8 (0.6 ,1.1) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.2) | Reference | 09 (0.7 ,1.2) | |
| Model 6 | 0.8 (0.5,1.1) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.1) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.2) | Reference | 0.9 (0.7 ,1.1) | |
| Ratio of calcium to magnesium | ||||||
| mg/day | 1.73 | 2.44 | 3.06 | 3.75 | 5.01 | |
| Case/n | 427/2243 | 346/1972 | 341/1919 | 324/1873 | 337/1970 | |
| Model 1 | 1.000 | 1.01 (0.8 ,1.2) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.1) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.2) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.5) | .173 |
| Model 2 | 1.000 | 0.9 (0.7, 1.2) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.1) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.2) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.3) | .848 |
| Vitamin D | ||||||
| μg/day | 1.4 | 3.5 | 5.25 | 7.50 | 12.70 | |
| Case/n | 627/3504 | 428/2174 | 278/1558 | 240/1521 | 202/1220 | |
| Model 1 | 1.000 | 1.1 (0.9 ,1.3) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.0) | 0.6 (0.5, 0.9) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.2) | .177 |
| Model 2 | 1.000 | 1.1 (0.9, 1.4) | 0.7 (0.6, 0.9) | 0.7 (0.5, 1.0) | 1.00 (0.7, 1.4) | .333 |
| Model 3 | 1.000 | 1.1 (0.9 ,1.4) | 0.7 (0.6, 0.9) | 0.7 (0.5, 1.0) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.3) | .299 |
| Model 4 | 1.4 (1.0,1.8) | 1.6 (1.2, 2.0) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.5) | Reference | 1.4 (1.0, 1.8) | |
| Model 5 | 1.2 (0.9,1.7) | 1.5 (1.1, 2.0) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.3) | Reference | 1.2 (0.9, 1.8) | |
| Model 6 | 1.2 (0.9,1.7) | 1.5 (1.1, 2.0) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.3) | Reference | 1.2 (0.9, 1.7) | |
| Female | ||||||
| Calcium (mg/day) | ||||||
| mg/day | 369 | 615 | 809 | 1,042 | 1,457 | |
| Case/n | 447/2,417 | 389/2,374 | 395/2,233 | 245/1,945 | 181/1,534 | |
| Model 1 | 1.000 | 0.8 (0.6 ,1.0) | 0.9 (0.8, 1.2) | 0.7 (0.5, 1.0) | 0.7 (0.5, 0.9) | .179 |
| Model 2 | 1.000 | 0.8 (0.7, 1.1) | 1.2 (1.0, 1.6) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.5) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.5) | .227 |
| Model 3 | 1.000 | 0.8 (0.7, 1.1) | 1.3 (1.0, 1.6) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.5) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.5) | .225 |
| Model 4 | 1.2 (0.9,1.6) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.3) | 1.2 (1.0, 1.5) | Reference | 0.9 (0.6 ,1.2) | |
| Model 5 | 0.9 (0.6,1.2) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.0) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.5) | Reference | 0.9 (0.6, 1.3) | |
| Model 6 | 0.8 (0.6,1.2) | 0.7 (0.5 ,1.0) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.5) | Reference | 0.9 (0.6, 1.3) | |
| Magnesium (mg/day) | ||||||
| mg/day | 151 | 214 | 265 | 326 | 431 | |
| Case/n | 517/2721 | 417/2474 | 350/2196 | 244/1824 | 129/1288 | |
| Model 1 | 1.000 | 0.7 (0.6 ,0.9) | 0.7 (0.6 ,0.9) | 0.6 (0.5, 0.8) | 0.4 (0.3, 0.6) | .00 |
| Model 2 | 1.000 | 0.8 (0.6, 1.1) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.3) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.5) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.4) | .936 |
| Model 3 | 1.000 | 0.8 (0.6, 1.1) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.3) | 1.0 (0.7 ,1.5) | 0.9 (0.5 ,1.4) | .972 |
| Model 4 | 1.4 (1.1,1.9) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.5) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.4) | Reference | 0.7 (0.5, 0.9) | |
| Model 5 | 0.9 (0.6,1.3) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.1) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.3) | Reference | 0.8 (0.6, 1.2) | |
| Model 6 | 0.9 (0.6,1.3) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.1) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.3) | Reference | 0.8 (0.6 ,1.2) | |
| Ratio of calcium to magnesium | ||||||
| mg/day | 1.79 | 2.47 | 3.05 | 3.74 | 4.96 | |
| Case/n | 298/1853 | 335/2142 | 335/2124 | 357/2177 | 336/2223 | 331/21,26 |
| Model 1 | 1.000 | 0.9 (0.7, 1.2) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.3) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.4) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.6) | .015 |
| Model 2 | 1.000 | 0.9 (0.70 1.3) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.3) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.4) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.4) | .597 |
| Vitamin D | ||||||
| μg/day | 1.45 | 3.45 | 5.20 | 7.40 | 12.555 | |
| Case/n | 693/4388 | 420/2465 | 263/1618 | 190/1287 | 91/745 | |
| Model 1 | 1.000 | 1.0 (0.8, 1.2) | 0.9 (0.7 ,1.2) | 0.8 (0.6,0.9) | 0.7 (0.5, 1.1) | .096 |
| Model 2 | 1.000 | 1.0 (0.8, 1.2) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.3) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.2) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.7) | .812 |
| Model 3 | 1.000 | 1.0 (0.8, 1.2) | 1.0 (0.7 ,1.3) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.2) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.7) | .244 |
| Model 4 | 1.2 (1.0,1.4) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.5) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.5) | Reference | 0.9 (0.6, 1.4) | |
| Model 5 | 0.9 (0.7,1.2) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.3) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.4) | Reference | 1.0 (0.6 ,1.6) | |
| Model 6 | 0.9 (0.7,1.2) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.2) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.4) | Reference | 1.0 (0.6, 1.6) | |
a
Model 1 was adjusted for age, race, BMI groups (kg/m2), education level, exercise regularly (yes/no), current smoker (yes/no), current drinker (yes/no), and annual household income; model 2 was adjusted for total vitamin D (for the model containing calcium, magnesium quintile, Ca:Mg ratio quintile). Model 3 was adjusted for total calcium (model together with magnesium quintile), total calcium for the (model including magnesium quintile)
b
Model included the median value for each quintile consumption as a continuous variable.