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. 2020 May 29;35(1):72–79. doi: 10.7899/JCE-18-26

Table 1-.

The Specialties

Specialty
Training
Subspecialties
Relevant Practice
Internal medicine23,24 3-y residency; optional  fellowships/subspecialties Addiction medicine Adult congenital heart disease Advanced heart failure and transplant Cardiovascular disease Clinical cardiac electrophysiology Clinical informatics Critical care medicine Endocrinology, diabetes, and  metabolism Gastroenterology Geriatric medicine Hematology Hospice and palliative medicine Infectious disease Internalmedicine—pediatrics Interventional cardiology Medical oncology Nephrology Pulmonary disease Rheumatology Sleep medicine Transplant hepatology Diagnostic  Consultation  Laboratory imaging Therapeutic  Medication  Referral
Family medicine25,26,43 3-y residency; optional  fellowships/subspecialties Adolescent medicine Geriatric medicine Hospice and palliative medicine Pain medicine Sleep medicine Sports medicine Diagnostic  Consultation  Laboratory imaging Therapeutic  Medication  Referral
Emergency medicine27,28 4-y residency; optional  fellowships/subspecialties Addiction medicine Clinical informatics Emergency  medical services Medical toxicology Pediatric emergency medicine Sports medicine Undersea and hyperbaric medicine Diagnostic  Consultation  Laboratory imaging Therapeutic  Medication  Wound care  Expeditious referral to   surgery, medical, or   psychiatric care
Physical medicine and rehabilitation29,30 4-y residency; optional  fellowships/subspecialties Brain injury medicine Neuromuscular medicine Pain medicine Pediatric rehabilitation medicine Spinal cord injury medicine Sports medicine Diagnostic  Consultation  Electrodiagnostic studies  Laboratory  Imaging Therapeutic  Medication  Trigger point injections  Botox injections  Joint injections  Therapeutic exercise  Brace and artificial limb prescription
Neurology31,32 4-y residency; optional  fellowships Brain injury medicine Clinical neurophysiology Endovascular surgical neuroradiology Epilepsy Neurodevelopmental disabilities Neuromuscular medicine Pain medicine Sleep medicine Vascular neurology Diagnostic  Consultation  Electrodiagnostic studies Laboratory  Imaging  Therapeutic  Medication  Trigger point injections Botox injections
Pain medicine33,34 Fellowship-trained  anesthesiologists,  neurologists, physiatrists,  or psychiatrists; 1-y  postresidency Diagnostic  Consultation  Electrodiagnostic studies Laboratory  Imaging  Therapeutic  Medication  Pulsed radio frequency  Neuromodulation  Nerve ablation  Intrathecal pump  Spinal cord stimulation  Trigger point injections  Botox injections  Joint injections  Interventional procedures
Rheumatology35,36 Fellowship-trained internists  (adult rheumatology) and  pediatricians (pediatric  rheumatology); 2-y  postresidency Diagnostic  Consultation  Laboratory imaging  Cytopathology  Chemical pathology of   aspirated joint fluid Therapeutic  Medication  Joint injections  Joint aspirations
Radiology37,38 5-year residency; optional  fellowships Abdominal radiology Clinical informatics Endovascular surgical Neuroradiology Interventional radiology Musculoskeletal radiology Neuroradiology Nuclear radiology Pediatric radiology Vascular and interventional radiology Diagnostic  Consultation  Radiographs  Magnetic resonance imaging  Computed tomographic   fluoroscopy  Interventional radiology  Ultrasound nuclear medicine  Mammography  Positron emission   tomographic scan Therapeutic (depends on   subspecialty)  Radiation therapy  Angioplasty  Atherectomy  Thrombolysis  Embolization  Occlusion of brain aneurysms
Orthopedic surgery39,40 5-y residency; optional  fellowships Adult Reconstructive orthopedic  surgery Foot and ankle orthopedic surgery Hand surgery Musculoskeletal oncology Orthopedic sports medicine Orthopaedic surgery of the spine Orthopaedic trauma Pediatric orthopedic surgery Diagnostic  Consultation  Diagnostic imaging Therapeutic  Surgery  Arthroscopy  Arthroplasty  Joint injections  Brace prescription and   casting
Neurological surgery41,42 6–8-y residency Endovascular surgical neuroradiology Diagnostic  Consultation  Diagnostic imaging Therapeutic  Surgery