. 2020 May 29;35(1):72–79. doi: 10.7899/JCE-18-26

Table 1-.

The Specialties

Specialty	Training	Subspecialties	Relevant Practice
Internal medicine^23,24	3-y residency; optional fellowships/subspecialties	Addiction medicine Adult congenital heart disease Advanced heart failure and transplant Cardiovascular disease Clinical cardiac electrophysiology Clinical informatics Critical care medicine Endocrinology, diabetes, and metabolism Gastroenterology Geriatric medicine Hematology Hospice and palliative medicine Infectious disease Internalmedicine—pediatrics Interventional cardiology Medical oncology Nephrology Pulmonary disease Rheumatology Sleep medicine Transplant hepatology	Diagnostic Consultation Laboratory imaging Therapeutic Medication Referral
Family medicine^25,26,43	3-y residency; optional fellowships/subspecialties	Adolescent medicine Geriatric medicine Hospice and palliative medicine Pain medicine Sleep medicine Sports medicine	Diagnostic Consultation Laboratory imaging Therapeutic Medication Referral
Emergency medicine^27,28	4-y residency; optional fellowships/subspecialties	Addiction medicine Clinical informatics Emergency medical services Medical toxicology Pediatric emergency medicine Sports medicine Undersea and hyperbaric medicine	Diagnostic Consultation Laboratory imaging Therapeutic Medication Wound care Expeditious referral to surgery, medical, or psychiatric care
Physical medicine and rehabilitation^29,30	4-y residency; optional fellowships/subspecialties	Brain injury medicine Neuromuscular medicine Pain medicine Pediatric rehabilitation medicine Spinal cord injury medicine Sports medicine	Diagnostic Consultation Electrodiagnostic studies Laboratory Imaging Therapeutic Medication Trigger point injections Botox injections Joint injections Therapeutic exercise Brace and artificial limb prescription
Neurology^31,32	4-y residency; optional fellowships	Brain injury medicine Clinical neurophysiology Endovascular surgical neuroradiology Epilepsy Neurodevelopmental disabilities Neuromuscular medicine Pain medicine Sleep medicine Vascular neurology	Diagnostic Consultation Electrodiagnostic studies Laboratory Imaging Therapeutic Medication Trigger point injections Botox injections
Pain medicine^33,34	Fellowship-trained anesthesiologists, neurologists, physiatrists, or psychiatrists; 1-y postresidency		Diagnostic Consultation Electrodiagnostic studies Laboratory Imaging Therapeutic Medication Pulsed radio frequency Neuromodulation Nerve ablation Intrathecal pump Spinal cord stimulation Trigger point injections Botox injections Joint injections Interventional procedures
Rheumatology^35,36	Fellowship-trained internists (adult rheumatology) and pediatricians (pediatric rheumatology); 2-y postresidency		Diagnostic Consultation Laboratory imaging Cytopathology Chemical pathology of aspirated joint fluid Therapeutic Medication Joint injections Joint aspirations
Radiology^37,38	5-year residency; optional fellowships	Abdominal radiology Clinical informatics Endovascular surgical Neuroradiology Interventional radiology Musculoskeletal radiology Neuroradiology Nuclear radiology Pediatric radiology Vascular and interventional radiology	Diagnostic Consultation Radiographs Magnetic resonance imaging Computed tomographic fluoroscopy Interventional radiology Ultrasound nuclear medicine Mammography Positron emission tomographic scan Therapeutic (depends on subspecialty) Radiation therapy Angioplasty Atherectomy Thrombolysis Embolization Occlusion of brain aneurysms
Orthopedic surgery^39,40	5-y residency; optional fellowships	Adult Reconstructive orthopedic surgery Foot and ankle orthopedic surgery Hand surgery Musculoskeletal oncology Orthopedic sports medicine Orthopaedic surgery of the spine Orthopaedic trauma Pediatric orthopedic surgery	Diagnostic Consultation Diagnostic imaging Therapeutic Surgery Arthroscopy Arthroplasty Joint injections Brace prescription and casting
Neurological surgery^41,42	6–8-y residency	Endovascular surgical neuroradiology	Diagnostic Consultation Diagnostic imaging Therapeutic Surgery