Table 4. Comparison of ROM at the phase of BS and FS between EA and MA (unit: degrees).

Variables	ANKLE		KNEE		HIP
	BS	FS	BS	FS	BS	FS
	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD	Mean ± SD
X (EA)	11.50 ± 3.76*	19.66 ± 6.31*	16.02 ± 5.62*	14.48 ± 4.25	25.01 ± 9.10*	44.93 ± 10.52
X (MA)	7.23 ± 2.11*	10.95 ± 3.13*	28.16 ± 5.92*	16.31 ± 4.79	39.94 ± 3.92*	42.90 ± 2.32
Y (EA)	9.78 ± 3.08*	15.36 ± 3.47*	5.90 ± 1.28*	8.44 ± 1.80	12.00 ± 2.47*	20.44 ± 4.45*
Y (MA)	6.60 ± 1.06*	7.22 ± 1.03*	4.65 ± 1.28*	15.36 ± 3.47	20.43 ± 2.40*	24.90 ± 2.51*
Z (EA)	20.52 ± 5.77	27.05 ± 6.66*	12.54 ± 3.37	11.67 ± 6.25	8.11 ± 6.23*	13.74 ± 7.51*
Z (MA)	21.73 ± 3.31	22.75 ± 3.20*	13.34 ± 2.91	13.37 ± 2.40	15.16 ± 1.80*	19.45 ± 1.14*

Notes:

X, the sagittal plane; Y, the frontal plane; Z, the transverse plane. BS, backward-swing phase; FS, forward-swing phase; EA, elite athlete; MA, medium athlete.

^*A significant difference at the hip, knee, and ankle (respectively) (P < 0.05).