Table 2.
Characteristics of US adults with chronic kidney disease by systolic blood pressure and antihypertensive medication use, NHANES 2015–2018
| Characteristic | Not Treated with Antihypertensive Medication |
Treated with Antihypertensive Medication |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SBP, mmHg | <120 | 120–140 | >140 | <120 | 120–140 | >140 |
| Unweighted N | 197 | 244 | 184 | 221 | 391 | 462 |
| Weighted % | 15.6% | 14.8% | 10.5% | 14.9% | 20.0% | 24.2% |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73m2), Median (IQR) | 98.7 (76.5–117.7) | 87.4 (58.1–110.7) | 80.5 (53.5–109.3) | 56.1 (48.6–68.8) | 58.4 (49.8–88.7) | 59.4 (47.2–83.1) |
| eGFR category (ml/min/1.73m2), % (SE) | ||||||
| ≥60* | 82.5 (3.4) | 67.5 (4.6) | 65.9 (4.9) | 33.5 (6.4) | 45.0 (3.8) | 49.1 (3.6) |
| 45–59 | 16.5 (3.3) | 28.0 (5.0) | 24.1 (5.4) | 51.0 (5.3) | 38.5 (3.2) | 30.7 (3.4) |
| 30–44 | 1.0 (0.6) | 4.1 (1.5) | 7.8 (2.6) | 14.4 (2.5) | 12.0 (1.9) | 15.3 (2.4) |
| 15–29 | 0.0 (.) | 0.4 (0.3) | 2.2 (1.1) | 1.1 (0.5) | 4.5 (1.5) | 4.9 (1.1) |
| ACR (mg/g), Median (IQR) | 48.3 (34.8–114.5) | 50.9 (17.3–110.3) | 52.6 (30.6–149.3) | 16.9 (8.1–60.2) | 42.4 (11.0–88.0) | 54.4 (18.8–154.9) |
| ACR category (mg/g), % (SE) | ||||||
| <30* | 13.5 (2.6) | 28.5 (4.5) | 22.9 (5.7) | 53.4 (5.6) | 37.7 (3.2) | 28.8 (2.8) |
| 30–300 | 77.8 (3.3) | 60.6 (3.9) | 61.0 (5.9) | 39.1 (5.5) | 53.4 (3.3) | 54.7 (3.1) |
| >300 | 8.7 (2.6) | 11.0 (2.6) | 16.1 (4.1) | 7.5 (2.9) | 8.9 (1.5) | 16.5 (2.5) |
| Age (years), Mean (SE) | 43.6 (1.6) | 54.4 (1.8) | 58.2 (1.5) | 65.0 (0.9) | 66.9 (0.8) | 70.4 (0.8) |
| Age category (years), % (SE) | ||||||
| 20–44 | 55.3 (5.2) | 33.4 (5.2) | 21.0 (3.9) | 5.4 (2.0) | 5.7 (1.8) | 1.5 (0.6) |
| 45–64 | 28.8 (4.5) | 31.9 (4.2) | 39.4 (6.7) | 38.2 (6.1) | 30.2 (3.0) | 24.8 (3.1) |
| ≥65 | 15.9 (3.9) | 34.7 (3.8) | 39.6 (6.5) | 56.4 (5.7) | 64.1 (3.2) | 73.8 (3.2) |
| Female, % (SE) | 71.2 (4.1) | 49.6 (4.3) | 56.9 (7.1) | 47.3 (4.9) | 49.3 (3.7) | 59.7 (3.7) |
| Race/ethnicity, % (SE) | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 61.7 (4.7) | 61.3 (5.3) | 62.0 (4.9) | 77.0 (3.9) | 67.3 (4.4) | 68.0 (3.4) |
| Mexican American | 10.5 (2.4) | 13.5 (3.1) | 7.4 (2.5) | 5.3 (1.6) | 5.5 (1.4) | 5.4 (1.4) |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 9.7 (2.4) | 8.9 (2.1) | 13.3 (3.2) | 7.1 (1.6) | 14.4 (3.0) | 14.6 (2.4) |
| Non-Hispanic Asian | 6.1 (1.7) | 5.7 (1.2) | 5.5 (1.6) | 1.7 (0.7) | 5.8 (1.3) | 4.9 (1.4) |
| Other | 11.9 (2.5) | 10.7 (2.2) | 11.8 (3.5) | 8.9 (2.6) | 7.0 (1.7) | 7.0 (1.5) |
| Income-to-poverty ratio, % (SE) | ||||||
| Tertile 1 | 24.0 (4.3) | 26.0 (3.1) | 25.8 (4.1) | 17.2 (3.0) | 22.6 (3.0) | 23.9 (3.3) |
| Tertile 2 | 30.9 (3.9) | 32.1 (4.6) | 33.4 (5.1) | 25.6 (4.4) | 28.8 (3.3) | 41.0 (3.6) |
| Tertile 3 | 36.8 (6.2) | 32.9 (5.0) | 27.8 (6.8) | 52.9 (4.6) | 38.8 (4.3) | 24.3 (3.9) |
| Missing | 8.3 (2.6) | 9.0 (2.2) | 13.0 (2.6) | 4.3 (2.2) | 9.8 (1.7) | 10.9 (1.7) |
| Education, % (SE) | ||||||
| <High school | 5.6 (1.7) | 7.1 (1.7) | 9.2 (2.1) | 3.9 (1.0) | 7.7 (1.3) | 8.0 (1.6) |
| High school degree | 33.6 (4.6) | 33.2 (3.6) | 42.5 (4.3) | 31.8 (3.5) | 35.9 (3.3) | 46.4 (3.3) |
| >High school degree | 60.9 (4.5) | 59.7 (4.1) | 48.3 (4.4) | 64.2 (3.5) | 56.5 (3.7) | 45.6 (3.3) |
| CKD awareness, % (SE) | 2.7 (1.2) | 7.6 (3.0) | 5.3 (1.3) | 14.5 (3.5) | 16.1 (2.3) | 16.3 (2.0) |
| Diabetes, % (SE) | 5.7 (1.8) | 20.9 (3.8) | 29.6 (5.0) | 46.9 (4.4) | 38.8 (3.2) | 38.4 (3.3) |
| SBP (mmHg), Mean (SE) | 108.8 (0.8) | 128.8 (0.5) | 160.3 (1.6) | 110.4 (0.8) | 130.2 (0.4) | 158.2 (0.8) |
| DBP (mmHg), Mean (SE) | 67.3 (0.7) | 72.3 (0.9) | 82.6 (1.1) | 63.4 (0.9) | 69.0 (0.8) | 73.0 (1.0) |
| 10-year predicted ASCVD risk, % (SE) | ||||||
| <5% | 76.6 (4.1) | 43.8 (4.5) | 26.8 (4.6) | 14.7 (3.5) | 8.6 (1.8) | 1.4 (0.6) |
| 5–<10% | 10.9 (3.3) | 16.2 (4.1) | 17.9 (5.4) | 14.9 (3.5) | 10.3 (2.8) | 8.6 (2.8) |
| 10–<20% | 5.7 (2.1) | 14.6 (3.4) | 17.6 (3.6) | 20.9 (4.0) | 22.1 (3.4) | 10.9 (2.4) |
| ≥20% | 2.7 (1.1) | 16.5 (2.8) | 25.8 (4.6) | 21.1 (4.0) | 28.7 (3.7) | 48.0 (3.8) |
| Prevalent CVD | 4.0 (1.3) | 8.9 (2.1) | 11.9 (2.7) | 28.5 (4.4) | 30.2 (2.8) | 31.0 (3.2) |
| 5-year predicted kidney failure risk†, % (SE) | ||||||
| <2% | 97.9 (1.1) | 97.2 (1.0) | 90.4 (3.1) | 92.4 (2.1) | 85.9 (2.2) | 84.6 (2.0) |
| 2–<5% | 1.3 (1.0) | 1.0 (0.5) | 4.9 (2.4) | 3.8 (1.4) | 6.5 (1.3) | 7.5 (1.6) |
| ≥5% | 0.8 (0.4) | 1.8 (1.0) | 4.7 (1.5) | 3.9 (1.1) | 7.6 (1.6) | 7.8 (1.5) |
| Number of antihypertensive medications | ||||||
| 1 | -- | -- | -- | 43.5 (4.8) | 36.6 (3.4) | 33.6 (3.7) |
| 2 | -- | -- | -- | 18.3 (3.2) | 27.9 (3.5) | 28.9 (3.4) |
| ≥3 | -- | -- | -- | 38.2 (3.9) | 35.6 (2.9) | 37.5 (3.5) |
Abbreviations: SBP, systolic blood pressure. SE, standard error. IQR, interquartile range. eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate. ACR, albumin-to-creatinine ratio. CKD, chronic kidney disease. DBP, diastolic blood pressure. ASCVD, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. CVD, cardiovascular disease.
*
eGFR ≥60 ml/min/1.73m2 indicates individuals defined as having CKD based on the presence of albuminuria. ACR <30 mg/g indicates individuals defined as having CKD based on reduced eGFR without albuminuria.
†
Among those with eGFR 15–59 ml/min/1.73m2