FIGURE 1.

Overview of enzymes involved at different stages of starch metabolism. Dotted arrows indicate multi-enzyme processes. Based on data from Radchuk et al. (2009), Zeeman et al. (2010), Zhang and Li (2017), MacNeill et al. (2017), and Skryhan et al. (2018). AGP-ase denotes ADPG-pyrophosphorylase, SS is starch synthase, SBE is starch branching enzyme, ISA is isoamylase, GBSS is granule-bound starch synthase, AMY is α-amylase, Bmy is β-amylase, LD is limit dextrinase, and AGL is α-glucosidase.