Fig. 2.

The immune signalling and the crosstalk between T- and B-cell responses. The immune system responds to cancer cells and activates the specific and non-specific immune signalling. While surface tumour antigens facilitate immune reaction, the cytokines released by the tumour cells attract antigen-presenting cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, and T- and B-lymphocytes towards infection sites. While T-cells can trigger antibody-dependent and antibody-independent immune responses through CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells, respectively, B-cells are involved in antibody-dependent immune reactions: T-cells T-lymphocytes, B-cells B-lymphocytes, APC antigen-presenting cell, Reg regulatory T-cells, CD4+ CD4 positive T-cells, CD8+ CD8 positive T-cells, NK natural killer cells, CTL cytotoxic T-lymphocytes