Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants
| Total (N = 91) | Active control group (n = 45) | Teleintervention group (n = 46) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 61.3 ± 9.1 | 61.0 ± 9.0 | 61.6 ± 9.2 | 0.76 |
| Sex (% female) | 64.8% | 66.7% | 63.0% | 0.71 |
| Race/ethnicity (% white) | 78.0% | 73.3% | 82.6% | 0.29 |
| Marital status (% married) | 50.6% | 46.3% | 54.5% | 0.45 |
| Lower-middle income* (%) | 80.0% | 85.4% | 75.0% | 0.23 |
| Regular employment (%) | 30.6% | 31.7% | 29.5% | 0.82 |
| Diabetes aspects | ||||
| Diabetes duration (years) | 18.1 ± 9.5 | 18.7 ± 9.0 | 17.5 ± 9.6 | 0.56 |
| HbA1c (%) (mmol/mol) |
8.8 ± 1.7 73.0 ± 18.6 |
9.0 ± 1.6 75.0 ± 17.5 |
8.5 ± 1.7 69.0 ± 18.6 |
0.11 |
| Diabetes complications | ||||
| Retinopathy | 40.7% | 44.4% | 30.4% | 0.47 |
| Neuropathy | 29.7% | 28.9% | 37.0% | 0.87 |
| Nephropathy | 42.9% | 40.0% | 45.7% | 0.59 |
| Insulin use (%) | 83.5% | 82.2% | 84.8% | 0.74 |
| Metformin use (%) | 75.8% | 80.0% | 71.7% | 0.36 |
| Previous diseases | ||||
| Systemic arterial hypertension (%) | 82.4% | 80.0% | 84.8% | 0.55 |
| Cardiovascular disease (%) | 39.6% | 34.8% | 44.4% | 0.35 |
| ACE or ARB inhibitors use (%) | 82.4% | 80.0% | 84.8% | 0.55 |
| Statins use (%) | 82.4% | 84.4% | 80.4% | 0.62 |
| ASA use (%) | 52.7% | 55.6% | 50.0% | 0.60 |
| History of mental disorders | ||||
| Depression (%) | 20.9% | 20.0% | 21.7% | 0.84 |
| Anxiety (%) | 6.6% | 2.2% | 10.9% | 0.10 |
| Bipolar disorder (%) | 2.2% | 2.2% | 2.2% | 0.99 |
| Other psychiatric conditions (%) | 2.2% | 2.2% | 2.2% | 0.99 |
| SRI use (%) | 24.2% | 22.2% | 26.1% | 0.67 |
| Tricyclic antidepressant use (%) | 8.8% | 8.9% | 8.7% | 0.97 |
| Lithium use (%) | 2.2% | 2.2% | 2.2% | 0.99 |
| Antipsychotic use (%) | 6.6% | 4.4% | 8.7% | 0.41 |
| Benzodiazepine use (%) | 3.3% | 2.2% | 4.3% | 0.57 |
| Pandemic-related aspects | ||||
| Social distancing (self-reported) | ||||
|
Partial Total None |
57.6% 32.9% 9.4% |
51.2% 36.6% 12.2% |
63.6% 29.5% 6.8% |
0.46 |
| Social contact | ||||
|
Only family Family and friends None |
69.4% 12.9% 17.6% |
73.2% 14.6% 12.2% |
65.9% 11.4% 22.7% |
0.43 |
| Reduction in family income (%) | 54.1% | 61.0% | 47.7% | 0.22 |
| Lost the job (%) | 5.9% | 2.4% | 9.1% | 0.19 |
| Presented respiratory symptoms (%) | 24.7% | 29.3% | 20.5% | 0.35 |
| Confirmed COVID-19 infection | 5.9% | 7.3% | 4.5% | 0.59 |
| Hospitalization | 7.1% | 4.9% | 9.1% | 0.45 |
Data are mean ± standard deviation (SD) or n (%). Plus, α ≤ 0.05 indicates significant difference. HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blocker; ASA: acetylsalicylic acid; SRI: serotonin reuptake inhibitors (includes selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and dual serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors). Partial social distancing includes patients who go out for basic activities: market, pharmacy, and health care. Total social distancing includes patients who follow the orientation of home-quarantine. *Family monthly income less than the equivalent of $ 539.19 (USD)