Table 1.
Clinical and neuropsychological characteristics of participant groups
| Characteristic | Controls | bvFTD | svPPA | nfvPPA |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic and clinical | ||||
| n, male:female | 10:12 | 13:4 | 8:4 | 4:5 |
| Age, years | 68.6 (6.8) | 64.8 (6.8) | 66.9 (7.0) | 67.4 (8.1) |
| Handedness, right:left:ambidextrous | 22:0 | 15:1 | 12:0 | 8:0 |
| Years of education | 16.1 (2.5) | 13.9 (5.0) | 15.6 (2.7) | 13.0 (3.4) |
| MMSE (/30) | 29.8 (0.4) | 23.7 (4.8)a | 23.8 (7.4)a | 16.9 (10.9)a,b,c |
| Duration, years | N/A | 7.2 (6.3) | 6.0 (2.6) | 3.8 (1.7) |
| General neuropsychological | ||||
| General intellect | ||||
| WASI verbal IQ | 122 (8.6) | 92 (31.5)a | 74 (20.1)a | 69 (17.7)a |
| WASI performance IQ | 124 (12.9) | 96 (18.3)a,c | 119 (15.4) | 94 (20.8)a,c |
| Episodic memory | ||||
| RMT words (/50) | 48.9 (1.4) | 37.6 (10.2)a | 33.8 (7.3)a | 39.2 (10.8)a |
| RMT faces (/50) | 44.8 (4.7) | 37.3 (7.0)a | 32.1 (5.0)a | 39.0 (7.9) |
| Camden PAL (/24) | 20.6 (2.8) | 13.7 (6.1)a | 6.5 (8.0)a,b,d | 16.5 (2.1) |
| Executive skills | ||||
| WASI Block Design (/71) | 46.8 (11.0) | 26.9 (15.1)a | 38.5 (15.6) | 20.5 (20.5)a |
| WASI Matrices (/32) | 25.5 (4.4) | 16.7 (8.7)a,c | 26.6 (3.5) | 15.4 (10.2)a,c |
| WMS-R digit span forward (max) | 7.1 (1.1) | 5.7 (1.1)a | 6.6 (0.9) | 4.3 (1.4)a,c |
| WMS-R digit span reverse (max) | 5.4 (1.3) | 4.6 (1.4) | 5.3 (1.3) | 3.2 (0.8)a,c |
| D-KEFS Stroop colour naming (s) | 29.6 (4.8) | 45.3 (19.5)a | 37.8 (8.9) | 70.0 (18.7)a,b,c |
| D-KEFS Stroop word reading (s) | 22.3 (3.4) | 28.2 (7.5) | 25.6 (10.7) | 61.4 (16.2)a,b,c |
| D-KEFS Stroop interference (s) | 55.9 (16.7) | 101.1 (52.6)a | 67.3 (19.0) | 123.3 (44.3)a,c |
| Letter fluency (F: total) | 17.4 (5.0) | 9.0 (5.6)a | 9.6 (3.8)a | 5.8 (3.3)a |
| Category fluency (animals: total) | 23.7 (4.2) | 13.0 (8.0)a | 6.5 (4.5)a,b | 12.6 (4.7)a |
| Trails A (s) | 31.9 (9.3) | 58.1 (36.3)a | 46.7 (16.1) | 65.3 (45.4)a |
| Trails B (s) | 66.3 (28.6) | 143.7 (81.6)a | 130.5 (18.8)a | 160.1 (89.7)a |
| Language skills | ||||
| WASI vocabulary | 70.3 (3.4) | 40.9 (24.8)a | 30.6 (18.9)a | 21.8 (21.3)a |
| BPVS | 148.0 (1.4) | 126.2 (30.6)a | 74.8 (37.1)a,b | 106.4 (52.8)a |
| GNT | 26.9 (2.3) | 16.7 (10.2)a | 2.0 (5.6)a,b | 9.0 (7.3)a |
| Other skills | ||||
| GDA (/24) | 14.1 (5.4) | 9.3 (6.1) | 12.8 (5.0) | 4.8 (5.1)a |
| VOSP Object Decision (/20) | 18.9 (1.1) | 15.7 (3.4)a | 15.9 (2.0)a | 15.5 (3.9)a |
| Emotion identificatione | ||||
| Anger | 4.43 (1.9) | 3.31 (2.0) | 2.50 (2.0) | 3.88 (1.5) |
| Disgust | 8.81 (1.1) | 6.13 (2.9)a | 5.33 (2.0)a | 5.00 (3.9)a |
| Fear | 5.48 (2.4) | 3.69 (2.9) | 3.42 (2.2) | 4.88 (2.9) |
| Happiness | 9.43 (0.8) | 8.44 (2.3) | 9.08 (0.9) | 7.13 (3.1) |
| Surprise | 7.76 (1.4) | 5.00 (3.2)a | 3.75 (2.5)a | 4.00 (3.3)a |
| Total (/50) | 35.9 (4.1) | 26.6 (9.5)a | 24.1 (5.7)a | 24.9 (12.6)a |
Mean (standard deviation) scores are shown unless otherwise indicated; maximum scores are shown after tests (in parentheses).
aSignificantly less than controls; bsignificantly less than bvFTD; csignificantly less than svPPA; dsignificantly less than nfvPPA, (all P < 0.05).
ePost-scanner experimental test of facial expression identification (see main text and Fig. 3).
BPVS = British Picture Vocabulary Scale (Dunn and Whetton, 1982); Category fluency totals for animal category and letter fluency for the letter F in 1 min (Gladsjo et al., 1999); D-KEFS = Delis Kaplan Executive System (Delis et al., 2001); GDA = Graded Difficulty Arithmetic (Jackson and Warrington, 1986); GNT = Graded Naming Test (McKenna and Warrington, 1980); MMSE = Mini-Mental State Examination score (Folstein et al., 1975); N/A = not assessed; PAL = Paired Associate Learning test (Warrington, 1996); RMT = Recognition Memory Test (Warrington, 1984); Trails-making task based on maximum time achievable 2.5 min on task A, 5 min on task B (Lezak, 2004); VOSP = Visual Object and Spatial Perception Battery – Object Decision test (Warrington and James, 1991); WASI = Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (Wechsler, 1997); WMS = Wechsler Memory Scale (Wechsler, 1987).