(A and B) MEFs were pretreated with MLN4924 for 2h, followed by stimulation with HSV-1 (MOI = 1) or ISD for 6h, the transcription of Ifnb, Ifna4 and Cxcl10 were measured by qRT-PCR. (C) THP-1 cells were pretreated with MLN4924 for 2h and then treated with HSV-1 (MOI = 1) for 6h, the transcription of IFNB, CXCL10 and IFIT2 were measured by qRT-PCR. (D) MEFs were pretreated with MLN4924 for 2h and then treated with IFNβ, the induction of Cxcl10 and Ifit1 were measured by qRT-PCR. (E) MEFs were pretreated with MLN4924 for 2h, followed by stimulation with ISD for 6h, then fixed and stained with an antibody specific for IRF3 and imaged by confocal microscopy. Scale bars represent 50 μm. Graphs are presented as means ± SEM, data are representative of three independent experiments, *P <0.05; **P <0.01 (One-way ANOVAs followed by Tukey’s post hoc test).