Table 1.
Anti-TNF-α induced skin diseases.
| Skin-Related Adverse Events on An-ti-TNF-α (Adalimumab, Certolizumab, Infliximab) | Incidence | Strength of Association |
|---|---|---|
| 1. Infusion reactions and injection site reactions | <5% and 10%, respectively [11] | Very strong |
| 2. Xerosis and eczema | 3–9% [12] | Moderate |
| 3. Cutaneous infections | 5–11% [12] | Strong |
| 4. Psoriasiform reactions | 4–7% [12] | Strong |
| 5. Cutaneous malignancies | 0.3–1.4% [13,14,15] | Mild |
| 6. Lupus-like syndrome | <1% [16] | Strong |
| 7. Vasculitis | <0.5% [17,18] | Strong |
| 8. Lichenoid drug reaction | Cases | Moderate |
| 9. Granulomatous reactions | Cases | Moderate |
| 10. Alopecia areata/totalis and/or vitiligo | Cases | Moderate |
| 11. Erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis | Cases | Strong |
| 12. Dermatomyositis | Cases | Strong |