Fig. 1.
Prediction of energy density and cycle life of Li-metal batteries. The gravimetric energy density, volumetric energy density, and cycle life are functions of the average CE (CEavg) and fraction of Li passed (Fp) per cycle according to Eq. 3. The total mass and volume of the electrodes, current collectors, separator, electrolyte, and packaging are included in the calculation of gravimetric and volumetric energy density respectively, as detailed in SI Appendix. The 20-, 50-, 100-, 250-, and 750-μm-thick Li-metal films are chosen because they are commercially available.