Fig. 6.

Comparison of cycling performance of Li||intercalation-cathode full cells with self-formed SEI from liquid electrolytes. Data points 24, 25, and 26 in red are from current density. Points 1 and 2 are US DOE goals; 3 to 26 are results from Li||intercalation-cathode full cells with self-formed Li-SEI from liquid electrolytes but not assisted by any other Li-metal protection or modification approaches. See Dataset S1 for references and additional comments for each point. Data points 24 and 25 are from Li (20 µm)||LiCoO₂ (4.2 mAh cm⁻²) and Li (50 µm)||LiCoO₂ (4.2 mAh cm⁻²) full cells, respectively. Data point 26 is from a Li (50 µm)||LiNi_0.8Co_0.15Al_0.05O₂ (4.7 mAh cm⁻²) full cell. EL-4 electrolyte (1 M LiPF₆ FEC-DMC + 3 wt% DTD) is used. Compared with previous work using liquid electrolytes, our work stands out for one of the highest cumulative capacity plated (∼1.2 Ah cm⁻²) (i.e., long cycle life, up to 350 cycles for 80% capacity retention for point 25) when the cell is cycling at a large per-cycle areal capacity (average, ∼3.4 mAh cm⁻²). The specific-energy density of the point 25 cell is >350 Wh kg⁻¹ according to the analysis in Fig. 1.