Table 1.

Experimental study for various stem cells transplantation into the ischemic brain.

References	Cell type	Animal model	Route of administration	Delivery timing (after ischemia)	Dose	Results
Asgari Taei et al. (2021)	Human ESC	Rat MCAO	left lateral ventricle	1, 24, and 48 h	1 × 106	Neurological deficits↓ Synaptic↑ Infarct volumes↓ Cerebral edema↓
Cheng et al. (2015)	NSC line C17.2	Rat MCAO	IV (tail vein)	24 h	5 × 106	Functional recovery↑ Neurogenesis↑ proliferation↑
Tian et al. (2019)	Leukemia inhibitory factor -transfected NSCs	Rat MCAO	IV (tail vein)	2 h	5 × 105	Lesion volume↓ Functional↑ Glial cell regeneration↑ Apoptosis↓
Webb et al. (2018)	NSCs-derived extracellular vesicle	porcine MCAO	IV	2, 14, and 24 h	2.7 × 106	Lesion volume↓ Cerebral diffusivity↑ Motor activity ↑ Exploratory behavior↑
Tobin et al. (2020)	interferon-γ–activated BMSCs	Rat MCAO	IV	4.5 h	5 × 106/kg	Functional recovery↑ Oligodendrogenesis↑ Microglia activation↓ Inflammation↓
Kawabori et al. (2013)	Rat BMSCs	Rat MCAO	ipsilateral striatum	1 or 4 weeks	1 × 105 or 1 × 106	Functional recovery↑ Differentiation ↑
Brenneman et al. (2010)	Autologous BMMCs	left MCA and left ICA occlusion	IA (carotid artery)	24 h	1 × 107 or 4 × 106	Neurological recovery↑ Infarct volume↓ Inflammation↓
Chang et al. (2013)	Human iPSCs	Rat MCAO	intracerebral	7 days	2 × 105	Behavioral↑ Neurogenesis↑ Inflammation↓ apoptosis↓

ESCs, embryonic stem cells; NSCs, neural stem cells; BMSCs, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells; BMMCs, bone marrow mononuclear cells; iPSCs, induced pluripotent stem cells; MCAO: middle cerebral artery occlusion.