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. 2021 Feb 25;15:652099. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2021.652099

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Copyright © 2021 Schweizer, Bohleber, Zhao and Fradejas-Villar.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Biosynthetic pathway of selenoprotein translation. Transfer-RNA^Sec is charged with Ser by Seryl-tRNA synthase (Ser-RS), hence the more accurate designation tRNA^[Ser]Sec. The kinase PSTK phosphorylates Ser-tRNA^Sec. Selenophosphate synthase (SEPHS2) provides selenophosphate which is used by selenocysteine synthase (SEPSECS) to convert phosphoSer-tRNA^Sec into Sec-tRNA^Sec. EEFSEC is a translation elongation factor specific for Sec-tRNA^Sec. Canonical selenoproteins carry a selenocysteine insertion sequence (SECIS) in their mRNA in order to re-code the UGA codon as Sec codon. The dependence of UGA/Sec re-coding varies among canonical selenoproteins. Several non-canonical selenoprotein genes have been described that do not contain a SECIS element (Guo et al., 2018).