Clinical features of infants with IEBB with hyperechoic basal ganglia (n = 41) and normal basal ganglia (n = 17) on HUS, with univariate analysis showing the relationship between different variables and the presence of hyperechoic basal ganglia on HUS
| Hyperechoic BG (No.) (%) | Normal BG (No.) (%) | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | |||
| 1–2 mo | 16 (39%) | 13 (76%) | .019 |
| 3–4 mo | 11 (27%) | 3 (18%) | |
| ≥5 mo | 14 (34%) | 1 (6%) | |
| Sex | |||
| Male | 13 (32%) | 7 (41%) | .551 |
| Female | 28 (68%) | 10 (59%) | |
| Clinical symptom complex | |||
| WE | 18 (44%) | 2 (12%) | .001 |
| Mixed | 13 (32%) | 2 (12%) | |
| Acidosis | 10 (24%) | 13 (76%) | |
| Clinical features | |||
| Systemic | |||
| Fever | 11 (27%) | 3 (18%) | .523 |
| Vomiting/reflux | 21 (51%) | 12 (70%) | .247 |
| Diarrhea | 5 (12%) | 3 (18%) | .681 |
| Decreased feeding | 16 (39%) | 5 (29%) | .560 |
| Constipation | 1 (2%) | 0 (0%) | >.999 |
| CNS | |||
| Altered sensorium | 41 (100%) | 17 (100%) | |
| Irritability | 22 (43) | 12 (70%) | .260 |
| Lethargy | 8 (19%) | 2 (12%) | .707 |
| Moaning | 29 (71%) | 14 (82%) | .514 |
| Vacant stare | 16 (39%) | 3 (18%) | .137 |
| Ptosis | 18 (44%) | 2 (12%) | .032 |
| Divergent squint | 13 (32%) | 2 (12%) | .188 |
| Gross motor delay | 2 (5%) | 0 (0%) | >.999 |
| Motor regression | 1 (2%) | 0 (0%) | >.999 |
| Seizures | 15 (36%) | 3 (18%) | .217 |
| Tonic posturing | 10 (24%) | 3 (18%) | .736 |
| Hypotonia | 2 (5%) | 0 (0%) | >.999 |
| CVS | |||
| Shock | 19 (46%) | 14 (82%) | .019 |
| Tachycardia | 18 (44%) | 15 (88%) | .003 |
| Metabolic | |||
| Acidotic breathing | 10 (24%) | 13 (76%) | <.001 |
Note:—HUS indicates head ultrasonography; CVS, cardiovascular system; BG, basal ganglia; WE, Wernicke encephalopathy.