Table 2.
Summary of identified studies describing economic burden and/or vaccine impact for pneumococcus, influenza, and/or herpes zoster among older adults, by WHO region.
| WHO Region | Africa (AFRO) | Americas (AMRO/PAHO) | Eastern Mediterranean (EMRO) | Europe (EURO) | South-East Asia (SEARO) | Western Pacific (WPRO) | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of studies | 0 | 21 | 0 | 21 | 0 | 10 | 52 | |
| Number of countries1 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 16 | 0 | 4 | 25 | |
| Age groups represented2 | ||||||||
| ≥50 years | – | 6 | – | 11 | – | 2 | 18 | |
| ≥60 years | – | 3 | – | 3 | – | 2 | 7 | |
| ≥65 years | – | 15 | – | 12 | – | 7 | 34 | |
| Vaccines assessed3 | – | PPSV23 PCV13 IIV3 IIV3-HD IIV3-adjuvanted IIV4 HZV |
– | PPSV23 PCV13 IIV3 IIV4 HZV |
– | PPSV23 PCV13 IIV3 IIV4 |
PPSV23 PCV13 IIV3 IIV3-HD IIV4 HZV |
|
| Diseases (N studies) | ||||||||
| Pneumonia/ IPD | – | 95 | – | 9 | – | 2 | 20 | |
| Influenza | – | 125 | – | 5 | – | 7 | 24 | |
| Herpes zoster | – | 3 | – | 7 | – | 1 | 11 | |
| Types of studies (N studies) | ||||||||
| Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) | – | 136 | – | 156 | – | 5 | 336 | |
| Cost of illness (COI) | – | 3 | – | 3 | – | 3 | 9 | |
| Cost-utility analysis (CUA) | – | 1 | – | – | – | – | 1 | |
| Cost analysis (CA) | – | 3 | – | 1 | – | 2 | 6 | |
| Budget impact analysis (BIA) | – | 26 | – | 36 | – | – | 56 | |
| Comparator category for CEA (N studies)4 | ||||||||
| Delivery and uptake strategies | – | 5 | – | 2 | – | 1 | 8 | |
| No vaccination | – | 4 | – | 9 | – | 1 | 14 | |
| Other vaccine | – | 7 | – | 5 | – | 3 | 15 | |
| Target cohorts | – | 1 | – | 4 | – | 1 | 6 | |
Americas: Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Panama, United States; Europe: Belgium, Czech Republic, France, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Kazakhstan, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Ukraine, United Kingdom; Western Pacific: Australia, China (incl. Hong Kong), Japan, South Korea
Age groups counted separately if study included multiple age groups results (e.g., 50–64, ≥65 years)
PCV13 = Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (13-valent); PPSV23 = Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (23-valent); IIV3 = Trivalent influenza vaccine (and includes vaccines given in standard dose and high-dose); IIV4 = Quadrivalent influenza vaccine; HZV = Herpes-zoster vaccine
Studies can include multiple comparator categories (e.g., different vaccines and no vaccination); Target cohorts compare different age groups or ‘at risk’ groups
Three studies included both pneumococcal and influenza
Two studies (1 AMRO/PAHO, 1 EURO) included both a cost-effectiveness analysis and budget impact analysis