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. 2021 Mar 15;11:6062. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-85581-z

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fasting insulin and proinsulin levels predict T2D better in women than in men. (A,B) Fasting insulin levels associate with and affect FPG and HbA1c stronger in women than in men as judge from Spearman’s ρ and regression coefficient B. P values, regression constant can be found in Tables S2 and S3. (C) Fasting insulin is a stronger T2D predictor for women as judged by ROC-AUC values. (D) Fasting proinsulin levels associate with and affect FPG and HbA1c stronger in women than in men. (E) Fasting proinsulin levels are weakly associated with HbA1c in women. (F) Fasting proinsulin is a stronger T2D predictor for women as judged by ROC-AUC values. AUC area under the curve, ns not significant, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.