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. 2021 Mar 15;11:5913. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-85277-4

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Induction of robust airway inflammation in mice by a single inhalation of chitin. C57BL/6 J-wild-type mice were intranasally treated one, two or three times with 100 μg of chitin (small: < 40 μm; medium: 40–70 μm; large: 70–100 μm) suspended in saline or with saline alone. Twenty-four hours after the last inhalation of chitin or saline alone, BAL fluids and lungs were collected. (a) Each type of cell (eosinophils, neutrophils) in the BAL fluids were counted. (b) The levels of cytokines and chemokines in the BAL fluids were measured by ELISA. Data from 2 independent experiments were pooled and shown as the mean + SE (n = 10). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.005 vs. saline alone (= 0 μg of chitin).