Differentiation of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) into dopaminergic neurons (DNs). (A) DNs (control, Ctrl; MD, metatropic dysplasia) were visualized by immunofluorescence microscopy using anti-tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) antibodies. Nuclei were counterstained with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). Scale bars = 50 μm. The boxed regions are shown at greater magnification in the lower panels. Scale bars = 25 μm. (B) Nuclear receptor related 1 (NURR1) expression in DNs was measured using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Means ± standard error of the means (SEMs) were obtained from three experiments. (C) The percentage of TH-positive cells was measured. (D, E) Maximum neurite length (D) and total number of branches per DN (E) were measured. (C–E) Means±SEMs were obtained after analyzing 30 cells from three experiments. n.s., not significant, ***P < 0.001.