TABLE 1.

Clinical trials for NPs-based treatments for brain diseases and disorders.

Type of NPs	Medical conditions	Effects	Mechanisms	References
Magnetic IO NPs + reduced radiotherapy	Glioblastoma multiforme	Improves patients’ overall survival	Suppression of tumor growth by increasing Caspase-3, heat shock protein, and programmed death ligand 1 levels	Maier-Hauff et al., 2011; Grauer et al., 2019
Nano-curcumin + ω-3 fatty acids	Migraine	Reduces recurrent headaches	Suppression of gene expressions of pro-inflammatory TNF-α, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, and cyclooxygenase-2/inducible nitric acid	Abdolahi et al., 2017, 2019; Soveyd et al., 2018
Ag NPs	Acute occlusive hydrocephalus	Improves patients’ status	Prevents catheter-associated ventriculitis	Lackner et al., 2008
Ultrasmall magnetic IO	IS	Enhances inflammatory cytokines targetability	Promotes macrophage infiltration	Saleh et al., 2007

NPs, nanoparticles; Ag, silver; IO, iron oxide; IS, ischemic stroke.