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. 2021 Mar 2;15:643871. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2021.643871

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Copyright © 2021 Luppi, Spindler, Menon and Stamatakis.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Schematic drawing of some key components of the ascending arousal system, highlighting projections of the ventrolateral preoptic area. This comprises cortical projection neurons originating from the basal forebrain (BF); the recently characterised orexin/hypocretin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus (LH); perifornical orexin neurons (PeF); and several monoaminergic nuclei: the noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC), the histaminergic tuberomammillary nucleus (TMN) and the ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO) and median preoptic area (MNPO). Serotonergic and dopaminergic components are not shown. MCH, melanin-concentrating hormone; Gal, galanin; Ach, acetylcholine; ORX, orexin; His, histamine; NA, noradrenaline.