Fig. 3.

Extent of mitral annular disjunction (MAD).

Panels A–D illustrates measurements of the extent and proportion of the mitral annulus involved in MAD. After placing 16 seed points along the mitral annulus (in the long axis reformation, A), the circumference of the mitral annulus is determined semi-automatically by the software (B). The extent of the mitral annulus displaced from the left ventricular myocardium (B) was marked with the green and purple seed point (C) and the proportion of the annulus circumference with MAD is shown in white (C and D). The MAD extent was recorded and used to calculate the ratio of the MAD extent divided by the entire and the posterior mitral annular circumference (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.).