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. 2021 Mar 15;11:5953. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-85306-2

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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SMAD1/5/8 Phosphorylation in response to rhBMP2 treatment. (a) Representative images of individual wells showing phosphorylated SMAD1/5/8 staining (red) and corresponding tubulin expression (green) (n = 3 per each group). (b) Quantitation of the images revealed that SMAD 1/5/8 phosphorylation was significantly impaired (*P < 0.01) in DicerKD hMSCs in the presence of BMP2 compared to WT hMSCs. Complementation of DicerKD cells with WT exosomes significantly increased (*P < 0.01) the phosphorylation of SMAD 1/5/8 four hours post rhBMP2 treatment. While these levels were statistically insignificant with respect to WT cells, (P > 0.05), the mean value remained lower indicating a partial restoration of BMP2 function with WT exosome complementation. One-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test was used for statistical analyses.