Table 2.

The association between poor sleep and smartphone addiction, using crude and multivariable logistic regression.

Variable	Total: n (%)	Crude OR (95%CI)	p-value	Adjusted OR† (95% CI) (n = 995)‡	p-value
Age
≤ 21	680 (65.2)	1.00	-	1.00	-
22–25	281 (26.9)	0.81 (0.61–1.08)	0.150	0.95 (0.69–1.32)	0.767
≥2	82 (7.9)	0.69 (0.44–1.10)	0.121	0.85 (0.51–1.42)	0.540
Gender
Male	280 (26.8)	1.00	-	1.00	-
Female	763 (73.2)	1.17 (0.88–1.55)	0.274	1.08 (0.79–1.46)	0.637
Recruitment Site§
1	334 (32.0)	1.00	-	1.00	-
2	336 (32.1)	1.27 (0.93–1.74)	0.139	1.13 (0.80–1.58)	0.498
3	144 (13.8)	0.68 (0.46–1.02)	0.059	0.69 (0.45–1.08)	0.102
4	155 (14.9)	0.81 (0.55–1.19)	0.271	0.83 (0.55–1.25)	0.369
5	75 (7.2)	1.42 (0.83–2.44)	0.199	1.37 (0.77–2.42)	0.283
SAS-SV
Not addicted	637 (61.1)	1.00	-	1.00	-
Addicted	406 (38.9)	1.65 (1.27–2.14)	<0.001**	1.41 (1.06–1.87)	0.018*
Total daily hours
≤ 2	207 (19.8)	0.59 (0.41–0.86)	0.006**	0.62 (0.42–0.92)	0.018*
3	247 (23.7)	1.00	-	1.00	-
4	226 (21.7)	1.13 (0.77–1.65)	0.529	1.01 (0.68–1.49)	0.957
5	162 (15.5)	0.87 (0.58–1.31)	0.504	0.73 (0.47–1.12)	0.152
>5	193 (18.5)	1.23 (0.83–1.83)	0.303	1.10 (0.72–1.69)	0.653
Smartphone at night
In bedroom	625 (59.9)	1.00	-	1.00	-
In other room	409 (39.2)	0.95 (0.74–1.23)	0.718	1.02 (0.77–1.34)	0.913
Missing	9 (0.9)

Crude Odds Ratio (OR) and adjusted ORs. OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; SAS-SV, Smartphone Addiction Scale–Short Version.

^*p <0.05;

^**p <0.01.

Adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, recruitment site, smartphone addiction, total daily hours and smartphone location at night. Model fit with the adjusted Chi-squared = 36.760, p = 0.002.

^‡52 participants were excluded due to having missing covariate data.

^§Recruitment location.

1, Life Sciences & Medicine campus.

2, Life Sciences, Nursing & Midwifery, and Social Sciences campus.

3, Psychiatry, psychology, and neuroscience campus.

4, Arts & Humanities, Law, Business, Natural & Mathematical Sciences, and Social Sciences & Public Policy campus.

5, Online.