Tables 1.

In vitro studies related to titanium particles

Author (Year)	In vitro	Titanium particles size	Conclusion
William J. Maloney, M.D et al. (1993)	Bovine Synovial Fibroblasts	0.1-10mm	Titanium has no obvious effect on hexosaminidase at any concentration. The morphological response of fibroblasts to titanium includes membrane wrinkling and filopodia expansion.
Senna et al. (2015)	Bovine ribs	10nm-20µm	The shear force during insertion changes the surface of the dental implant. Ti particles are generated at the bone-implant interface, especially around the surface.
Eemeli Jämsen et al. (2019)	Mouse Bone Marrow Macrophages (mBMMs)	0.1-7.5 µm	The different states of macrophages (young and old) are not affected by Ti particles, but macrophage polarization affects the inflammatory response induced by Ti particles.
Wen Wu et al. (2019)	Fibroblasts	1-3 mm	T particles disrupt the autophagy of fibroblasts in the interface membrane, up-regulate the expression of ADAM10, and then promote the release of CX3CL1, and ultimately promote the chemotactic migration and recruitment of monocytes/macrophages.
Ning Song et al. (2019)	Trigeminal Root Ganglion (TRG) Neurons	<5 mm	Ti particles might alter the electrophysiological properties of voltage-gated potassium channels (VGPCs) on TRG neurons.