Table 2.

The size, distribution, detection methods and conclusions of titanium particles in related studies in vivo

Author (Year)	Implant surface	Titanium size	Distribution area	Detection methods	Conclusion
Schliephake et al. (1993)	Machined	Round size(15X30μm)	Lung, liver, kidneys(5months)	SEM, BSE probe, EDS, FASS	The wear produces Ti particles, which are distributed between the bone and the implant. It is also taken up by cells and transferred to remote organs.
Tanaka et al. (2000)	TPS	1.8-3.2μm	Bone surface	LM, SEM, X-ray, TEM, electron diffraction	It is necessary to study the impact of Ti particles on the human body.
Meyer et al. (2006)	Sandblasted, TPS, Machined, Acid-etched	20nm	Crestal	SEM, EDS	The wear of titanium near the plasma sprayed surface is the highest, followed by the acid-etched and smooth grating surface that has been sandblasted.
Flatebo et al. (2011)	Anodized	100-5000nm	Surface of oral mucosa	HR-ODM, SEM, LA-ICP-MS, EDS	The combination of LA-ICP-MS (identifying chemical components) and HR-ODM (providing a histological reference) seems to be an effective method for detecting particles in oral tissues.
Xiuli He et al. (2016)		0.5-40μm	Tissue around implant	SEM-EDX, light microscopy	Confirm that the Ti particles are released into the tissues around the human jaw.
Mattias Pettersson et al. (2017)			Tissue around implant	SEM, ICP-AES	The surface structure of the implant is important for the amount of Ti particles released, while the total area and diameter of the implant are not so important.

TPS: titanium plasma-sprayed; SEM: scanning electron microscopy; BSE: back-scattered electron; EDS: energy dispersive X-ray; FAAS: flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy; LM: Light microscopy; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; LA-ICP-MS: laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy; ICP-AES: Coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy.