Table 4.
Means and standard deviations for key stage groups on sleep disturbances and parameter.
| Key Stage Group |
2–3 years
(n = 10–34) |
KS0 (3–5 years)
(n = 55–108) |
KS1 (5–7 years)
(n = 57–108) |
KS2 (7–11 years)
(n = 101–166) |
KS3 (11–14 years)
(n = 27–51) |
KS4 (14–16 years)
(n = 7–15) |
KS5 (16
+
years)
(n = 3–9) |
Correlations |
ANOVA
main effects |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | r | p | F | p | ES | |
| Sleep disturbance | |||||||||||||||||||
| Bedtime Resistance | 11.33 | 3.15 | 11.73 | 3.7 | 12.3 | 3.27 | 12.31 | 3.43 | 9.89 | 3.59 | 8.8 | 2.62 | 8.57 | 2.15 | −0.15 | 0.008* | 4.46 | <0.001 | 0.08 |
| Sleep Onset Delay | 2.42 | 0.72 | 2.34 | 0.79 | 2.49 | 0.75 | 2.66 | 0.66 | 2.5 | 0.7 | 2.55 | 0.52 | 2.71 | 0.76 | 0.15 | 0.002* | – | – | – |
| Sleep Duration | 7.73 | 2.37 | 7.25 | 1.79 | 7.04 | 1.67 | 7.11 | 1.72 | 7.14 | 1.75 | 7.08 | 1.83 | 7.29 | 1.25 | −0.03 | 0.541 | – | – | – |
| Sleep Anxiety | 7.8 | 2.37 | 8.09 | 2.74 | 9.03 | 2.23 | 9.12 | 2.44 | 7.39 | 3.03 | 6.09 | 2.66 | 7.14 | 2.19 | 0.1 | 0.099 | 4.55 | 0.001 | 0.07 |
| Night Waking | 7.32 | 1.6 | 6.81 | 1.61 | 6.24 | 2.1 | 6.19 | 2.03 | 5.94 | 2.05 | 5.36 | 1.75 | 5.75 | 1.71 | −0.20 | <0.001* | 2.92 | 0.022 | 0.03 |
| Parasomnias | 10.5 | 2.46 | 12.09 | 3.59 | 11.33 | 2.79 | 11.08 | 2.69 | 10.4 | 2.74 | 8.7 | 1.7 | 10.17 | 1.6 | −0.21 | 0.001* | 4.14 | 0.003 | 0.07 |
| SDB | 4 | 1.38 | 4.26 | 1.63 | 4.03 | 1.52 | 3.98 | 1.54 | 3.87 | 1.36 | 3.14 | 0.38 | 3.43 | 0.53 | 0.11 | 0.054 | – | – | – |
| Daytime Sleepiness | 13.74 | 3.97 | 12.95 | 2.83 | 13.87 | 4.14 | 15.75 | 3.93 | 15.48 | 4.25 | 16.88 | 2.75 | 17.5 | 3.08 | 0.31 | <0.001* | 7.27 | <0.001 | 0.11 |
| Sleep parameter | |||||||||||||||||||
| Bedtime | 20:16 | 1:12 | 19:46 | 1:05 | 19:51 | 0:53 | 20:36 | 1:11 | 21:05 | 0:56 | 21:51 | 1:39 | 21:20 | 1:31 | 0.42 | <0.001* | 15.22 | <0.001 | 0.16 |
| Falling asleep time | 21:16 | 1:22 | 20:51 | 1:32 | 21:33 | 1:31 | 22:13 | 1:26 | 22:34 | 1:28 | 23:08 | 2:26 | 22:20 | 1:31 | 0.39 | <0.001* | 13.47 | <0.001 | 0.15 |
| Morning wake time | 7:07 | 1:29 | 6:47 | 1:15 | 6:47 | 1:15 | 7:00 | 1.06 | 7:13 | 1:21 | 7:00 | 1:09 | 8:00 | 1:43 | −0.09 | 0.088 | – | – | – |
| Night Waking | 74.27 | 55.22 | 86.35 | 63.97 | 51.85 | 46.28 | 54.65 | 66.51 | 61.52 | 61.23 | 55.27 | 103.14 | 150 | 114.9 | 0.1 | 0.034* | 3.61 | 0.008 | 0.08 |
| Sleep duration | 8.68 | 1.51 | 8.83 | 1.81 | 8.65 | 1.84 | 8.11 | 1.98 | 8.14 | 2.17 | 7.07 | 3.37 | 6.78 | 3.63 | −0.21 | <0.001* | 2.74 | 0.02 | 0.02 |
NB: All correlations reported for association between age and sleep disturbance/parameter.
*
significant at the 0.05 level.
All significant ANOVA effects reported for age group.
ES, Effect sizes for one-way ANOVAs partial η2and Welch's F ratio adjusted omega squared (ω2).
SDB, sleep disordered breathing.