Table 5.
Means and standard deviations for primary diagnostic groups on sleep disturbances and parameters.
| Diagnostic Group |
ASD
(n = 149–272) |
LD/dyspraxia
dyslexia (n = 10–25) |
ADHD
(n = 25–44) |
Brain injury
(n = 18–30) |
SEMH
(n = 4–7) |
Physical condition
(n = 2) |
ID
(n = 11–28) |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | |
| Sleep disturbance | ||||||||||||||
| Bedtime Resistance | 11.87 | 3.55 | 11.1 | 3.51 | 10.8 | 3.24 | 12 | 3.58 | 13 | 4.12 | 11 | 4.24 | 12.25 | 4.2 |
| Sleep Onset Delay | 2.57 | 0.68 | 2.38 | 0.72 | 2.58 | 0.69 | 2.43 | 0.79 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 2.11 | 0.9 |
| Sleep Duration | 7.03 | 1.8 | 7.79 | 1.12 | 7.47 | 1.63 | 7.46 | 1.63 | 8 | 1.22 | 8.5 | 0.71 | 7 | 1.56 |
| Sleep Anxiety | 8.62 | 2.51 | 7.67 | 2.5 | 8.65 | 2.61 | 8.41 | 3.19 | 9.6 | 2.88 | 7.5 | 3.54 | 7.82 | 2.96 |
| Night Waking | 6.3 | 1.93 | 6.57 | 1.6 | 6.61 | 2.03 | 5.87 | 2.12 | 5.2 | 2.05 | 6 | 1.41 | 7.07 | 2.09 |
| Parasomnias | 11.06 | 3.01 | 12 | 2.93 | 11.16 | 2.78 | 10.39 | 1.85 | 10.2 | 1.79 | 10.5 | 0.71 | 11.58 | 4.14 |
| SDB | 3.87 | 1.34 | 4 | 1.11 | 4.07 | 1.62 | 4.36 | 1.81 | 4.2 | 1.64 | 5.5 | 3.54 | 4.6 | 2.44 |
| Daytime Sleepiness | 14.89 | 3.89 | 14.08 | 4.66 | 13.03 | 3.65 | 14.78 | 3.92 | 15.5 | 2.89 | 20 | 5.66 | 13.69 | 3.59 |
| Sleep parameter | ||||||||||||||
| Bedtime | 20:30 | 1:16 | 20:15 | 1:04 | 20:07 | 0:53 | 20:00 | 1:15 | 21:00 | 1:09 | 20:00 | 0:00 | 20:06 | 1:08 |
| Falling asleep time | 21:57 | 1:35 | 21:22 | 1:33 | 22:09 | 1:39 | 20:50 | 1:50 | 23:10 | 0:58 | 22:30 | 0:42 | 21:34 | 1:30 |
| Morning wake time | 6:59 | 1:20 | 6:45 | 0:56 | 6:53 | 0:59 | 6:36 | 1.18 | 7:08 | 0:41 | 7:00 | 0:00 | 6:25 | 1:10 |
| Night Waking | 67.68 | 65.83 | 69.55 | 46.21 | 63.21 | 71.95 | 67.27 | 55.37 | 144 | 138.13 | 90 | 42.43 | 60.71 | 53.13 |
| Sleep duration | 8.2 | 2.05 | 8.36 | 2.06 | 7.98 | 2.29 | 8.66 | 1.8 | 7 | 1.67 | 7 | 0 | 8.57 | 1.85 |
| Diagnostic Group |
Sensory disorders
(n= 4–7) |
Cerebral palsy
(n= 2–13) |
Down's syndrome
(n= 6–15) |
Epilepsy
(n= 5–11) |
No disability specified
(n= 25–41) |
ANCOVA
main effects |
||||||||
| M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | F | p | Par η2 | ||
| Sleep disturbance | ||||||||||||||
| Bedtime Resistance | 10 | 2.28 | 9 | 1.41 | 10.43 | 2.88 | 10.6 | 3.65 | 12.77 | 3.64 | – | – | – | |
| Sleep Onset Delay | 2.5 | 0.84 | 2.27 | 0.9 | 1.93 | 0.92 | 2.55 | 0.69 | 2.63 | 0.69 | 1.96 | 0.045 | 0.05 | |
| Sleep Duration | 5.83 | 1.83 | 7.14 | 1.07 | 7.58 | 1.56 | 6.83 | 1.33 | 7.27 | 1.55 | – | – | – | |
| Sleep Anxiety | 7.2 | 1.79 | 7.71 | 3.2 | 7.83 | 3.37 | 6.33 | 3.14 | 9.42 | 2.28 | – | – | – | |
| Night Waking | 5.8 | 1.79 | 6.2 | 1.3 | 6.87 | 1.13 | 7.17 | 2.23 | 6.33 | 2.2 | – | – | – | |
| Parasomnias | 12.8 | 2.77 | 12.5 | 0.71 | 10.13 | 0.99 | 11.4 | 4.34 | 11.52 | 3.15 | – | – | – | |
| SDB | 3.4 | 0.89 | 3 | 0 | 5 | 1.67 | 3.17 | 0.41 | 4.36 | 1.55 | – | – | – | |
| Daytime Sleepiness | 17.67 | 3.98 | 15.22 | 3.49 | 11.88 | 2.53 | 10.6 | 1.67 | 16 | 3.94 | 4.04 | <0.001 | 0.11 | |
| Sleep parameter | ||||||||||||||
| Bedtime | 19:51 | 1:04 | 19:55 | 1:15 | 19:24 | 0:49 | 20:18 | 1:29 | 20:09 | 1:12 | 2.49 | 0.006 | 0.05 | |
| Falling asleep time | 21:25 | 1:43 | 21:09 | 1:27 | 20:04 | 1:01 | 21:36 | 1:53 | 21:56 | 1:33 | 3.55 | <0.001 | 0.07 | |
| Morning wake time | 7:08 | 0:22 | 6:46 | 1:52 | 6:38 | 0:50 | 7:48 | 1:37 | 7:19 | 1:17 | – | – | – | |
| Night Waking | 105.5 | 89.22 | 39.38 | 33.78 | 51.92 | 49.23 | 72.5 | 62.5 | 50.91 | 60.85 | – | – | – | |
| Sleep duration | 8.86 | 1.57 | 9 | 1.87 | 10.07 | 0.83 | 9.3 | 1.7 | 8.8 | 2.14 | – | – | – | |
NB: All significant ANCOVA effects reported for diagnostic group controlling for age.
Par η2 = Parital η2.