Table 3. PMP involvement in inflammation .

PMP’s inflammatory mediator	Target cell	Outcome of interaction	References
RANTES (CCL5)	Monocytes Activated endothelial cells	Vascular wall infiltration	16,96
		Stimulating chemotactic motility
		Inducing monocytic arrest on endothelial cells
AA	Monocyte – Endothelial cells	Activation of PKC	97
		Increased adherence between monocytes and endothelial cells
		Increased chemotaxis of U-937 promonocytic cell line
CD41 and CD62P	Endothelial cells	Endothelial cell activation	11
PS	Macrophages Dendritic cells	Neutralizing dendritic cells and macrophages phagocytic activity	98
Phosphatidylserine, GPIIb/IIIa, P-selectin	Monocytes	Activating monocytes	99
		Protumorigenic effect
		Upregulating phagocyte markers expression
PPARγ/RXR complex	THP-1 monocytic cell line	Aggregation of THP-1 cells	100
		Producing TF+ monocytic MVs
		Modifying gene expression
miR 126-3p	Macrophages	Inducing phagocytic phenotype	101
		Downregulation of cytokine/chemokine secretion
		Induced monocyte differentiation to M2 macrophage
PS?	Macrophages	Reduced release of TNF-ɑ and IL-10	98
		Immediately induced release of TGF-β from macrophage
AA	U-937 (promonocytic cell line)	Increased Mac-1 and ITGAL (integrin subunit alpha L) expression	66,102,103
		Increased chemotaxis
AA	Endothelial cells Monocytes	Expression of thromboxane A2 and COX-2 in endothelial cells	66,102
		Facilitating platelet aggregation
Facilitating monocyte-EC interaction
Mitochondria	Leukocytes	Hydrolysis of mitochondrial membrane by sPLA2-IIA producing inflammatory mediators which promote leukocyte activation	32,84
CD154 (CD40 L)	B cells	Switch of antigen-specific IgG secretion	56
CD154 (CD40 L)	Monocytes	Increased inflammatory signals (IL1β, TNFα, MCP1)	49,104,105
		Stimulating monocyte-derived dendritic cells maturation
miR-183	NK cells	Knockdown of NK activation adapter DAP12	91,106,107
		Suppressing NK cell inflammatory response to tumor
TGFβ1	CD4+ T Cells	Increased TGFβ1 production	108
		Increased differentiation of CD4+ naive Tcells to FOXP3+ regulatory Tcells
PF4(CXCL4)	CD4+ T Cells	Anti-inflammatory effect through reducing IFNγ, IL6, TNFα expression	109
PF4(CXCL4)	Treg cells	Treg stability in an inflammatory environment	110
		CXCR3-mediated signaling in activated T cells
		Negative regulator of TH17 differentiation
P-selectin	Treg cells	Treg stability in an inflammatory environment	110
		PMP adhesion to Tregs through PSGL-1
		Prevention of peripheral blood–derived Tregs differentiation into IL-17– and IFN-γ producing cells
P-Selectin	Neutrophils	Triggering neutrophil activation, aggregation and phagocytosis	111
		Inducing adhesion to the endothelium
GPIbα	Neutrophils (β2 integrin Mac 1 (CD11b/CD18)	Neutrophil activation	49,111
GPIIb/IIIa receptors	Neutrophils	Transferring GPIIb/IIIA to neutrophils participating in NFkB activation of neutrophils	112
sPLA2-IIA and 12-lipoxygenase	Neutrophils	Promoting PMP internalization	113,114
		Enhancing inflammation
β defensin 1	Neutrophils	NETosis (neutrophil extracellular traps) Cancer associated thrombosis	49,115
PMP-miRNAs	Neutrophils	Not clear	16
PMPs miRNAs released from collagen-activated platelets	Leukocytes	Stimulating cytokine responses	115,116
		Regulating cytokines release
12-lipoxygenase	Mast cells	Negative inflammatory regulator	60

Abbreviations: PMP, platelet microparticles; N/A ,Not applicable; MVs, microvesicles; AA, Arachidonic acid; COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; EC, Endothelial cell; sPLA2-IIA, secretory Phospholipase A2 group IIA; IgG, Immunoglobulin G; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor alpha; MCP1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; NK cells, Natural killer cells; IFNγ, Interferon gamma; Treg cells, T regulatory cells; TH, T helper cells.