Table 5. Clinical evidences of PMP involvement in tumorigenesis .

Cancer type	PMP level increase	PMP influence	References
Myeloproliferative neoplasm	2 fold	Thromboinflammation	180,181
Colorectal cancer	Up to 4 fold	Lymph node metastasis	122,176
Breast cancer	3.5 fold	Improved cancer invasiveness	7,11,123,182,183
		Induction of angiogenesis and metastasis
		Raised number of vWF-binding receptors
		P-glycoprotein transfer to tumor cells
		Induction of HER2
Gastric cancer	Up to 35 fold in stage IV compared to stage I, II, III	Prediction of metastasis with sensitivity and specificity rates over 90%	129,174,179
		Plasma levels of PMPs higher in patients than healthy control
Non-small cell Lung cancer	N/A	Induced expression of MMP9, MMP2 and angiogenic factors (VEGF, HGF, IL8)	7,11,173
		Activation of signaling molecules phosphorylation (MAPK p42/44 and AKY)
		Induced chemoinvasion, adhesion to endothelium and fibrinogen, tumor progression, metastasis and angiogenesis
Prostate cancer and HRPC	N/A	Increased adhesion of cancer cells to endothelium and ECM	84,184,185
		Assisted tumor invasion by increased metalloproteinases production and secretion
		Increased cancer cells accumulation
		Increased IL-8 secretion
Neurogenerative disease	>N/A	Tumor development and metastasis	> 186
		Increased survival and proliferation of embryonic neural stem cells
		Improved potential to differentiate to glia and neurons

Abbreviations: PMP, Platelet microparticles; N/A, Not applicable; vWF, von Willebrand factor; HER2, Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; MMP, Matrix metalloproteinase; VEGF, Vascular endothelial growth factor; HGF, hepatocyte growth factor; ECM, Extracellular matrix; HPRC, hormone-refractory prostate cancer