Table 4.
Pharmacologic treatments of osteoporosis, sarcopenia, and osteosarcopenia.
| Disorders | Effect | Agents |
|---|---|---|
| Osteoporosis | Inhibit bone resorption | Calcium |
| Inhibit bone resorption | Vitamin D | |
| Inhibit bone resorption | Calcitonin | |
| Inhibit bone resorption | SERMs (ex, raloxifene) | |
| Inhibit bone resorption | Bisphosphates (ex, alendronate, zoledronic acid, ibandronate) | |
| Inhibit bone resorption | Anti-RANKL antibody (ex, denosumab) | |
| Activate bone formation | PTH (ex, teriparatide) | |
| Activate bone formation | Sclerostin inhibitors (ex, romosozumab) | |
| Sarcopenia | Reduce Ammonia | L-ornithine L-aspartate |
| Reduce Ammonia | Rifaximin | |
| Increase muscle protein synthesis | Testosterone | |
| Increase muscle protein synthesis | Myostatin antagonists (ex, follistatin) | |
| Increase muscle protein synthesis | IGF-1 antagonist | |
| Osteosarcopenia | Inhibit bone resorption Increase muscle protein synthesis (insulin sensitivity) |
Anti-RANKL antibody (ex, denosumab) |
| Activate bone and muscle formation | SARMs (ex, VK5211) | |
| Activate bone and muscle formation | Myostatin antagonists (ex, ACE-031) |
SERMs; selective estrogen receptor modulators; RANKL, receptor-activator of nuclear factor kappa ligand; PTH, parathyroid hormones; SARMs, Selective androgen receptor modulator.