Table 1.
Analytical methods for the determination of the main components of Areca catechu.
| Compounds | Sample (Amount) | Sample Preparation | Analytical Technique | Limits of Detection | Limits of Quantitation | Recovery (%) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arecoline | Teeth (50 mg) | Pulverization and sonication (methanol) | LC-MS/MS (ESI); LC-HR-ToF-MS (ESI) | - | - | - | [28] |
| Arecoline | Saliva (950 mL) | LLE (ethylacetate) | HPLC-UV-VIS | - | - | - | [29] |
| Arecoline | Hair (50 mg) | Pulverization; alkaline digestion (NaOH 12 M) and LLE (cloroform/isopropanol (95:5, v/v) | LC-MS (ESI) | 0.09 μg/g | 0.3 μg/g | 81.2 ± 2.6 | [32] |
| Arecoline | Meconium (1000 mg), urine (1 mL) and cord serum (1 mL) | LLE (chloroform/isopropanol (95:5, v/v)) | LC-MS (ESI) | 0.0004–0.001 μg/g | 0.001–0.005 μg/g | 86.5–90.7 | [27] |
| Arecoline | Breast milk (1 mL) | LLE (chloroform/isopropanol (95:5, v/v)) | LC-MS/MS (ESI) | 16 μg/L | 50 μg/L | 76.8–84.7 | [31] |
| Arecoline, Arecaidine and N-methylnipecotic acid | Saliva (0.05 mL) | PP (acetonitrile) | LC-MS/MS (ESI) | 0.156 μg/L | 1.25 μg/L | 72.5–100.1 | [30] |
Caption: ESI (electrospray ionization); HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography); HR (high resolution); LC (liquid chromatography); LLE (liquid-liquid extraction); MS (mass spectrometry); MS/MS (tandem mass spectrometry); PP (protein precipitation); ToF (time of flight); UV-VIS (ultraviolet-visible detector).