Table 3.
Analytical methods for the determination of the main components of Catha edulis.
| Compounds | Sample (Amount) | Sample Preparation | Analytical Technique | Limits of Detection | Limits of Quantitation | Recovery (%) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cathinone, Cathine and Phenylpropanolamine |
Urine (0.2 mL) | SPE (C8) | GC-MS (EI) | <10µg/L | - | 73–82 | [72] |
| d-cathine (d-norpseudoehedrine), ephedrine, methcathinone, 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-propan-2-amine, mephedrone, methedrone, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine, 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine, 2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine, 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine, 4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine, 2-[2,5-dimethoxy-4-(ethylthio)phenyl]ethanamine, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-isopropylthiophenethylamine and 2-[2,5-dimethoxy-4-(propylthio)phenyl]ethanamine | vitreous humor (0.1 mL), pericardial fluid (0.25 mL) and whole blood (0.25 mL) | SPE (Oasis® MCX) | GC-MS (EI) | 5 µg/L | 5 µg/L | 100 | [74] |
| Cathinone, Methcathinone, Ethcathinone, Amfepramone, Mephedrone, Flephedrone, Methedrone, Methylone, Butylone, Cathine, Norephedrine, Ephedrine, Pseudoephedrine, Methylephedrine and Methylpseudoephedrine |
Blood (0.3 mL) | PP (methanol) and Ultrafiltration | LC-MS/MS (ESI) | 0.5–3 μg/L | - | 87–106 | [70] |
| cathinone, flephedrone, buphedrone, 4-MTA, α-PVP, methylone, 2C-P, ethylone, pentylone, MDPV and bromo-dragonFLY | whole blood (0.25 mL) | SPE (Oasis® MCX) | GC-MS | 40–5 µg/L | 40–5 µg/L | 70.3–116.6 | [75] |
| Cathine, Cathinone, Methcathinone and Ephedrine |
Oral fluid (0.5 mL) | LLE (ethyl acetate) | GC-MS (EI) | 10.0 μg/L | 20.0 μg/L | - | [73] |
Caption: EI (electron impact); ESI (electrospray ionization); GC (gas chromatography); LC (liquid chromatography); LLE (liquid-liquid extraction); MS (mass spectrometry); MS/MS (tandem mass spectrometry); PP (protein precipitation); SPE (solid-phase extraction).