Table 6.
Analytical methods for the determination of the main components of Piper methysticum.
| Compounds | Sample (Amount) | Sample Preparation | Analytical Technique | Limits of Detection | Limits of Quantitation | Recovery (%) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kavain, Dihydrokavain, Methysticin, Dihydromethysticin and Desmethoxyyangonin |
Urine (0.1 mL) and Plasma (0.1 mL) | PP (Methanol), LLE (ethyl acetate) and SPE (SOLA HRP cartridge) | UHPLC-MS/MS (HESI) | 0.015–0.137 μg/L | 0.0457–0.4165 μg/L | - | [129] |
| Kavain | Hair (29–50 mg) | Decontamination (methylene chloride) and digestion (methanol) | GC-MS/MS (EI) | 0.030 μg/g | 0.1 μg/g | - | [127] |
| Kavain, p-hydroxykavain, p-hydroxy-5,6-dehydrokavain and p-hydroxy-7,8-dihydrokavain | Blood (1 mL), Urine (1 mL) and Serum (1 mL) | LLE (dichlormethane:diethylether (7:3, v/v)) | HPLC-DAD and LC-MS | 1 μg/L | 5 μg/L | 91–97 | [130] |
| Kavain, 7,8-dihydrokavain, Yangonin, 5,6-dehydrokavain, 12-hydroxy-5,6-dehydrokavain, Methysticin, 7,8-dihydromethysticin, 11-hydroxy-5,6-dehydrokavain, 12-hydroxykavain and 12-hydroxy-7,8-dihydrokavain |
Hair (21–253 mg) | Decontamination (HPLC water, acetone and petroleumbenzene) and digestion (methanol) | HPLC-DAD, LC-MS/MS (ESI) e GC/TOF-MS | - | - | - | [128] |
Caption: DAD (diode array detector); EI (electron impact); ESI (electrospray ionization); GC (gas chromatography); HESI (heated electrospray); HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography); LC (liquid chromatography); LLE (liquid-liquid extraction); MS (mass spectrometry); MS/MS (tandem mass spectrometry); PP (protein precipitation); SPE (solid-phase extraction); ToF (time of flight); UHPLC (ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography).