Table 3.

Contents of studies: focus on social networking sites, outcomes, and tools.

Author name and year	Focus on SNSa	Loneliness	Beneficial effects on loneliness	Other outcomes	Specific questionnaire	Validated scales
White et al (2002) [27]	no	*b	no	Psychological and social well-being	no	UCLA Loneliness Scale, UCLASc, CES-Depressiond, PCLSe, CASf
Fokkema and Knipscheer (2007) [28]	no	*	*	Distinction between social loneliness and emotional loneliness	noh	SJGLS-6g
Shapira et al (2007) [29]	no	*	*	Psychological well-being	no	UCLAS, DPFSh, DACLi, SASj, PCSk, LSSl
Siegers et al (2008) [30]	no	*	no	Physical, social, and emotional well-being	no	SJGLS-6, SF-36m, SCL-90n, IADL scaleo, EPQ-Rp, ECSq
Woodward et al (2010) [31]	no	*	no	Mental health	*	Antonucci’s HMTr, Gagnè-MNSSs, CSE-16t
Blažun et al (2012) [32]	no	*	*	no	*	no
Cotten et al (2012) [33]	*	*	* weakly	Social well-being	*	RTLS-34u
Myhre et al (2017) [34]	*	*	no	Cognitive functions	no	UCLA Loneliness Scale, LSNS-18v, SPS-10w, RAVLTx, ReyCFTy, DSSTz, DFRTTaa, TMTbb, COWATcc, Miyake EFsTdd
Larsson et al (2016) [35]	*	*	*	no	no	UCLA Loneliness Scale, ESIee, VASff
Quinn (2018) [36]	*	no	no	Cognitive functions	no	MMSEgg, COASThh, SDMTii, WAISjj
Morton et al (2018) [37]	*	*	no	Computer attitude; sense of self-worth (competence, autonomy, and personal identity); cognitive and mental health	no	UCLA Loneliness Scale, SNAIkk, ACE-Rll, CES-D Depressionmm, GAI-SFnn, GHQ-12oo, SWLpp, SWLSqq, CAS

^aSNS: social networking site.

^b*yes or not available.

^cUCLAS: Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale.

^dCES-Depression: CES-Depression Scale.

^ePCLS: Perceived Control Life Situation.

^fCAS: Computer Attitude Scale.

^gSJGLS-6: 6-Item De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scales.

^hDPFS: Difficulties in Physical Functioning Scale.

ⁱDACL: Depressive Adjective Checklist.

^jSAS: Self-Anchoring Scale.

^kPCS: Perceived Control scale.

^lLSS: Life Satisfaction Scale.

^mSF-36: 36-item Short Form Health Survey.

ⁿSCL-90: 90-item Symptom Check List.

^oIADL scale: Specific Questionnaire to Measure Daily Activities.

^pEPQ-R: Subscales of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire.

^qECS: External Control Scale.

^rAntonucci’s HMT: Antonucci’s Hierarchical Mapping Technique.

^sGagnè-MNSS: Gagnè Motivation and Need Satisfaction Scale.

^tCSE-16: Computer Self-Efficacy 16-item Scales.

^uRTLS-34: Rasch Type Loneliness Scale 34-item.

^vLSNS-18: Lubben Social Network Scale 18-item version.

^wSPS-10: Social Provision Scale.

^xRAVLT: Rey Auditory Verbal Learning test.

^yReyCFT: Rey Complex Figure Test.

^zDSST: Digit Symbol Substitution Test.

^aaDFRTT: Deary-Liewald Reaction Time Test.

^bbTMT: Trail Making Test.

^ccCOWAT: Controlled Oral Word Association Test and Category Fluency Test.

^ddMiyake EFsT: Miyake Executive Function Test.

^eeESI: Evaluation of Social Interaction.

^ffVAS: visual analog scale.

^ggMMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination.

^hhCOAST: California Older Adults Stroop Test.

ⁱⁱSDMT: Symbol Digit Modalities Test.

^jjWAIS: Wechsler Digit Span Forward and Backward subtest.

^kkSNAI: Social Networking Activity Index.

^llACE-R: Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination–Revised.

^mmCES-D Depression: CES-D Depression Scale.

ⁿⁿGAI-SF: Geriatric Anxiety Inventory Short Form.

^ooGHQ-12: General Health Questionnaire.

^ppSWL: 5-Item Satisfaction With Life Scale.

^qqSWLS: The Satisfaction With Life Scale.