. 2021 Mar 15;175(6):1–10. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.6834

Table 2. Child Behavior Outcomes.

Outcome	VIPP-SD group^a		UC group^a		Adjusted mean difference (95% CI)^b	Standardized effect size (95% CI)^c	P value
Outcome	No.	Mean (SD)	No.	Mean (SD)	Adjusted mean difference (95% CI)^b	Standardized effect size (95% CI)^c	P value
Primary outcome
Preschool Parental Account of Childhood Symptoms: total
Baseline	151	33.5 (9.0)	149	32.4 (10.6)	NA	NA	NA
5-mo Follow-up	140	28.8 (9.2)	146	30.3 (9.9)	2.03 (0.06 to 4.01)	0.20 (0.01 to 0.40)	.04
Preschool Parental Account of Childhood Symptoms: conduct
Baseline	151	16.0 (5.8)	149	15.5 (6.4)	NA	NA	NA
5-mo Follow-up	140	14.8 (5.1)	146	15.8 (5.4)	1.61 (0.44 to 2.78)	0.30 (0.08 to 0.51)	.007
Preschool Parental Account of Childhood Symptoms: ADHD
Baseline	151	17.5 (5.8)	149	16.9 (6.6)	NA	NA	NA
5-mo Follow-up	140	14.0 (6.1)	146	14.5 (6.2)	0.29 (−1.06 to 1.65)	0.05 (−0.17 to 0.27)	.67
Secondary outcomes
Child Behavior Checklist: total
Baseline	151	40.7 (21.7)	149	42.7 (21.1)	NA	NA	NA
5-mo Follow-up	140	32.5 (20.6)	145	37.2 (21.0)	3.24 (−0.06 to 6.54)	0.15 (0.00 to 0.31)	.05
Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire: total
Baseline	150	13.8 (4.8)	149	14.0 (4.7)	NA	NA	NA
5-mo Follow-up	140	11.3 (5.1)	145	12.2 (5.2)	0.93 (−0.03 to 1.9)	0.18 (−0.01 to 0.36)	.06

Abbreviations: ADHD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; NA, not applicable; UC, usual care; VIPP-SD, Video-feedback Intervention to promote Positive Parenting and Sensitive Discipline.

^{^a}

Lower scores indicate fewer behavior problems.

^{^b}

Difference in mean is the difference between treatment groups from linear regression analysis of the outcome measure on the baseline score of that same measurement, on treatment center, on randomized group, on length of follow-up, on age of child, and on number of caregivers participating (all treated as fixed effects). Positive differences represent greater adjusted decreases in symptoms in the VIPP-SD rather than in the UC group.

^{^c}

Standardized effect size is the standardized difference in mean (adjusted as above) and is presented as Cohen d, the difference in mean divided by the SD of controls at follow-up. Cohen d values of 0.4 to 0.6 represent typical values of Cohen d. These values do not directly relate to the clinical importance of the results because an assessment of a characteristic of each individual scale or subscale is required.