. 2021 Mar 5;26(5):1418. doi: 10.3390/molecules26051418

Table 1.

The plasma treatment techniques, used for providing antibacterial surface properties of various materials.

Author	Plasma Treatment Technique	Material	Bacteria	Effect
Miola et al. [118]	Plasma spray	Silver doped glass-coating on Ti alloy	Staphylococcus Aureus	The coating induced antibacterial activity. The surface gained bacteriostatic properties without any cytotoxicity.
Brohede et al. [119]	PVD	Bioactive TiO₂ anatase with hydroxyapatite (HA) loaded with an antibiotic (Amoxicillin, Gentamicin sulfate, Tobramycin, and Cephalothin)	Staphylococcus Aureus	After 24 the drug release was high enough to achieve bacterial inhibition. Longer loading times do not mean higher drug release.
Kang et al. [120]	PVD	TiAgN thin film on Ti	Streptococcus mutans	Antibacterial properties of TiAgN coating were evident at 5 wt% Ag concentration. No cytotoxic effect on (human gingival fibroblast (HGF) cells was detected. The proliferation of HGF cells even increased after exposure to various AG content on TiAg alloy.
Cao et al. [18]	Plasma spray/PIII	Ag nano particles (NP) 5–25 nm incorporated into titanium oxide coating	Streptococcus aureus, Echerichia coli	The size of Ag NP influenced the biocidal activity. Larger particles (5–25 nm) stimulate tougher oxidation reactions than smaller ones (~4 nm). No cytotoxic effect of Ag NP on osteoblast-like cells from mouse (MG63 and MC3T3 cell lines), the cytocompatibility was improved.
Fielding et al. [101]	Plasma spray	Pure titanium coated with HA with silver and strontium 155	Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Improved antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa and increased viability, proliferation, and differentiation of human osteoblast cells (hFOB), compared to only HA-coated samples.
Chen et al. [121]	Plasma spray	Titanium substrate coated with HA with silver 158	Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus	The HA-Ag coating exhibited high antibacterial activity against all three bacteria. The in vitro study on fibroblast cell line L929 showed no cytotoxicity or hemolytic characteristics for the HA-Ag coating
Yoshinari et al. [122]	PIII and deposition 162	F⁺ ion implementation	Porphyromonas gingivalis, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans	F⁺ implanted samples exhibited significant inhibition of bacterial growth for both bacteria. Other surface modified samples did not exhibit antibacterial activity. The F⁺ implanted samples did not inhibit the proliferation of fibroblast cells (L929 cell line)
Xu et al. [123]	PIII and deposition	Zn ion deposition on titanium surface	Streptococcus mutans	With increasing Zn concentration on the titanium surface, the bacterial adhesion on samples decreased
Xu et al. [124]	CVD 167	Graphitic C₃N₄ on aligned TiO₂ nanotube layer	Escherichia coli	Graphitic C₃N₄ composite showed bactericidal properties under visible-light-induced photocatalytic formation of reactive oxidative species.
Gu et al. [125]	CVD 176	Single-layer graphene sheets onto titanium discs	Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli	Graphene coating of titanium discs improved cell adhesion and osteogenic differentiation of hASC, hGF and hBMMSC cell lines. Graphene surface showed antibacterial properties on both E. Coli and S. aureus bacteria.
Cerchier et al. [126]	PEO	Ag particles onto Al surface in an electrolyte	Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli	Silver NP on the substrate depicted antibacterial activity against both E. coli and S. aureus.
Karabudak et al. [127]	MS and MAO	Ag/TO₂ and Ag NP/TiO₂ onto NiTi	Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Yersinia enterocolitica, Salmonella Enteritidis, Bacillis subtilis	Samples with Ag NP TiO₂ showed antibacterial activity on S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, L. monocytogenes, E. coli bacteria, which are classified as moderately sensitive, while Y. enterocolitica, S. Enteritidis, B. subtilis were classified as resistant to the antibacterial coating. Non-coated NiTi surface was found with the best antibacterial activity for all bacteria.
Jin, et al. [13]	PVD	Cu-Ti ions coated onto 316L stainless steel	Escherichia coli	The Cu-Ti coating exhibited great antibacterial activity with an effective reduction of 99.9% of E. coli bacteria in the first 12 h. The authors predict that the release of Cu ions has bactericidal properties on E. coli.
Li et al. [128]	Plasma spray	Ag nanoparticles onto Ti₆Al₄V	Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli	Ag coated surface exhibited excellent antibacterial activity.
Lee et al. [59]	APPJ Direct plasma treatment of bacteria	Titanium surface	Streptococcus. mutans, Staphylococcus. aureus, Klebsiella oxytoca and Klebsiella pneumoniae on NTAPPJ treated titanium	Lower adhesion of bacteria and biofilm formation rate compared to untreated samples. The adhesion of cells and biofilm formation rate of gram-negative bacteria was significantly lower than gram-positive bacteria.