Table 3.

Examples of potential triggers of mast cell activation in patients with pediatric mastocytosis.

Environmental and General Factors:

Physical: friction, pressure, cold, heat, sudden temperature change

Nutrition: alcohol, caffeine, hot spices, rarely also fermented and matured foods (histamine-rich) *

Infectious diseases and fever (typically viral infections)

Teething

Emotional stress

Intensive exercise

Allergens:

Hymenoptera venoms and allergens that can be unique for the individual patient

(pollens, animal dander, molds, dust mite, food, among others)

Drugs:

Analgesics (i.e., aspirin, NSAIDs)

Opioids (i.e., morphine, codeine)

Muscle relaxants (i.e., atracurium, mivacurium, rocuronium)

Cough suppressants (i.e., dextromethorphan, codeine)

Contrast media (i.e., hyperosmolar and ionic contrast media)

Antibiotics (i.e., quinolones)

Vaccinations

* General dietary restrictions are not recommended and not necessary in most cases; NSAIDs—nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.