Table 1.
Success rate and limitations of the OSA treatments.
| Methods | Non-Invasive Methods | Invasive Methods | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Limitation | CPAP [53] | OA [58] | Weight Loss [83] | MMA [101] | UPPP [94] | UPPP+TE [98] | AT [106] | HGNS [117] | |
| Severity of OSA | Mild-severe | Mild-severe | Mild-severe | Severe | Moderate-severe | Moderate-severe | Moderate-severe | Severe | |
| Number of samples | 463 | 425 | 132 | 29 | 212 | 31 | 578 | 584 | |
| Pre(mean) | 48.6 ± 31.8 | 27.5 ± 16.3 | 27.6 ± 24.6 | 36.7 ± 14 (S) | 39.9 ± 18.3 | 33.7 ± 14.6 | 18.2 ± 21.4 | 33.8 ± 15.5 | |
| Post(mean) | 5.7 ± 8.4 | 12 ± 12.5 | 9.9 ± 11.2 | 4.7 ± 3.2 (S) | 21.5 ± 15.6 | 15.4 ± 14.1 | 4.1 ± 6.4 | 11 ± 13.6 | |
| AHI < 5 or AHI reduction > 50% | 59.3% | 68% | 27% | 27.6% | 44.35% | 64.5% | 77.1% | ||
| AHI < 1 | 27.2% | ||||||||
| Follow-up | 7 years | 4 years | 1 year | 12.5 ± 3.5 years | ≥34 months | 3 months | Immediately | 1 year | |
| Efficiency | +++++ | +++ | + | +++++ | +++ | ++++ | ++ | +++++ | |
| Limitations | Poor adherence | Strict teeth structure, long-term overjet and overbite | Difficult to achieve weight loss and maintain | Highly invasive and complicated procedure, side effects include malocclusion, hemorrhage, facial numbness, etc. | Velopharyngeal insufficiency, dysphagia, swallow difficulty | Velopharyngeal insufficiency, dysphagia, swallow difficulty | Post-operative bleeding, infection of wound | High cost, tongue abrasion, device malfunction, abnormal sensations, etc. | |
CPAP, continuous positive airway pressure; OA, oral appliance; MMA, maxillomandibular advancement; UPPP, uvulopalatopharyngoplasty; AT, adenotonsillectomy; TE, tonsillectomy; OSA, obstructive sleep apnea; AHI, apnea-hypopnea index; HGNS, hypoglossal nerve stimulation; Pre(mean) is the mean AHI value before treatment; Post(mean) is the mean AHI value after treatment. More ‘+’ sign means the higher treatment outcome.