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. 2021 Mar 5;22(5):2627. doi: 10.3390/ijms22052627

Table 2.

Clinical usefulness of inflammatory biomarkers.

C-reactive protein

  • ↑ mortality and bleeding risk during the first month in VTE [58];

  • Improves predictive capacity of ESC and sPESI scores in PE [58];

  • ↑ mortality risk during the first 6–12 months (contradictory results) [53,55];

  • ↑ risk of RV dysfunction after 3 years in PE [56];

  • ↑ risk of PTS after 6 months (contradictory results) [53,92];

  • ↑ risk of VTE recurrence in cancer patients after discontinuation of anticoagulation [62];

  • Not associated with mortality in CAT [58].
P-selectin

  • Elevated at VTE diagnosis (PPV 100% for a Wells score ≥ 2 and P-selectin levels ≥90 ng/mL) [68,69,70];

  • ↑ risk of TVE in cancer patients (contradictory results) [60,71];

  • ↑ risk of cancer in unprovoked VTE [65];

  • ↑ risk of RV dysfunction [54];

  • Possible association: VTE recurrences [59] and the extension of thrombosis [66];

  • Not associated with VTE recurrence in CAT after 6 months [60];

 No studies have evaluated the short-term prognosis in VTE
Tissue Factor-Microparticle

  • Poor standardization of analytical methods for MP detection [76];

  • ↑ risk of VTE (contradictory results) [77,78];

  • ↑ risk of VTE recurrence in CAT after 6 months [61];

  • ↑ risk of metastatic cancer in oncologic patients [80].
Inflammatory cytokines

  • IL-6: Not associated with ↑ risk of VTE in oncologic patients;

  • IL-6: ↑ risk of mortality during the first year after VTE [53];

  • IL-6: ↑ risk of DVT recurrence, PTS and CTEPH [88,89,90];

  • IL-8: ↑ risk of VTE recurrence [90];

  • IL-10: protective factor for VTE [85];

  • Lower levels of IL-10: ↑ risk of VTE and VTE recurrence [78,86].
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate

  • Levels >106 mh: ↑ risk of VTE in hematological malignancies [71];

  • ↓ risk of PTS 1 year after a DVT (probably biased) [53].
Fibrinogen

  • ↑ levels in unprovoked VTE compared with risk-associated VTE [93].
Leukocyte count

  • ↑ risk of in-hospital VTE despite thromboprophylaxis [95];

  • Hypereosinophilia: ↑ risk of VTE [97];

  • Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio: ↑ risk of VTE (contradictory) [99,100].

CAT: cancer-associated thrombosis; CTEPH: chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension; DVT: deep venous thrombosis; ESC: European Society of Cardiology; MP: microparticles; PE: pulmonary embolism; PPV: positive predictive value; PTS: post-thrombotic syndrome; RV: right ventricle; sPESI: simplified Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index; VTE: venous thromboembolism.