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. 2021 Mar 5;22(5):2639. doi: 10.3390/ijms22052639

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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General actions of the main myokines in the metabolism. Physical exercise is the stimulus for the release of most myokines, while it inhibits myostatin release. The actions of these myokines are outlined as shown in the figure above. + represents activation; − represents inhibition; blue arrows reflect the actions of myokines stimulated by exercise; red arrows reflect the actions of myostatin; black arrows represent stimulation of physical exercises on skeletal muscle and the release of myokines. IL-6: interleukin-6; IL-15: interleukin-15; BDNF: brain-derived neurotrophic factor; FGF-21: fibroblast growth factor-21; SkM: Skeletal Muscle; WAT: White adipose tissue.