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Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
(a) A self-designed biaxial loading apparatus for porous solids. (b) Schematic of porous solids under biaxial loading. The upper and lower surfaces of the samples were closely fixed by two thin sheets (made of PMMA). Here, only the thin sheet of the lower surface is drawn.