Table 1.

Studies on exosomal miRNAs regulating chondrocyte function and homeostasis for the purpose of intra-articular treatments.

Exosome Origin Cell Source	Study Design	Animal Models	miRNA	Result(s)	Target(s)	Reference
Human BMSCs	in vitro	-	miR-320c	Upregulates SOX9 and downregulates MMP13 expression in OA chondrocyte.	Not mentioned	[78]
Human BMSCs	in vitro	-	miR-95-5p	Enhances histone H3 acetylation and maintains the function of articular chondrocytes. Promotes SOX9, COL2A1 and Aggrecan expression and enhances cartilage development.	HDAC2/8	[79]
Human chondrocytes	in vitro	-	miR-8485	Activates Wnt/β-catenin pathways. Promotes chondrogenic differentiation of hBMSCs.	GSK3B, DACT1	[80]
Human BMSCs	in vitro and in vivo	Mice	miR-92a-3p	Promotes cartilage proliferation. In both MSCs and PHCs, promotes matrix genes expression and inhibits WNT5A expression.	WNT5A	[81]
Human BMSCs	in vitro and in vivo	Rats	miR-26a-5p	It was shown that the damage of synovial fibroblasts is suppressed in vitro, and the OA damage is alleviated in vivo.	PTGS2	[82]
Human IPFP MSCs	in vitro and in vivo	Mice	miR-100-5p	Protects cartilage from damage and ameliorate gait patterns of DMM-induced OA mice.	mTOR	[83]
Human SMSCs	in vitro and in vivo	Rats	miR-140-5p	Enhances the proliferation and migration of ACs, and the progression of early OA and prevents severe damage to knee articular cartilage in the OA rats.	RalA	[84]

hBMSC: human bone marrow-derived MSC, IPFP: infrapatellar fat pad, SMSC: synovium-derived MSC, MSC: mesenchymal stem cell, PHC: primary human chondrocytes, WNT5A: Wnt family member 5A, OA: osteoarthritis, SOX9: SRY-box transcription factor 9, MMP13: matrix metalloproteinase 13, COL2A1: Collagen type II alpha 1, DMM: destabilization of the medial meniscus, AC: articular cartilage, PTGS2: Prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2, HDAC: histone deacetylase, mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin, RalA: Ras-related protein, GSK-3β: glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta, DACT1: dishevelled binding antagonist of beta catenin 1.