Figure 3.

Comparison of the concentration or presence of eleven cytokines and six chemokines in cervicovaginal lavage of participants with (FGS, n=28) and without (FGS negative, n=159) female genital schistosomiasis^χ. (A) Concentrations of eotaxin, IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, MCP-1, MIP-1α, and MIP-1β were compared between FGS and FGS negative participants by linear regression and adjusted for age, community of residence, education, presence of sexually transmitted infection and hormonal contraceptive use, with results shown as geometric mean ratios with 95% CI. (B) Presence/absence of IL-5, IL-13, IL-15 and TNF-α were compared by logistic regression and adjusted for age and sexually transmitted infection, with results shown as odds ratio with 95% CI. The line at 1 indicates the value at which there is no difference between the FGS and FGS negative groups. p-value symbol legend: *p < 0.1 **p < 0.05. ^χfemale genital schistosomiasis – Schistosoma PCR positive specimen from cervicovaginal lavage, vaginal swab or cervical swab; FGS negative – negative genital PCR and negative urine circulating anodic antigen and negative urine microscopy and negative expert-reviewed colposcopy imaging.