Figure 7.

Comparison of the concentration or presence of eleven cytokines and six chemokines in cervicovaginal lavage in participants with moderate to high Schistosoma DNA concentrations (Cq <35 in any genital specimen, n=15) and participants without female genital schistosomiasis (n=159) ^χ. (A) Concentrations of eotaxin, IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, MCP-1, MIP-1α, and MIP-1β were compared by linear regression adjusted for age, community of residence, education, presence of sexually transmitted infection and hormonal contraceptive use. Results are represented by geometric mean ratios with 95% CI. (B) Presence/absence of IL-5, IL-13, IL-15 and TNF-α were compared by logistic regression and adjusted for age and sexually transmitted infection. Results are indicated by odds ratio with 95% CI. The line at 1 indicates the value at which there is no difference between the FGS and FGS negative groups. p-value symbol legend: * <0.1, ** <0.05. ^χFemale genital schistosomiasis – Schistosoma PCR positive specimen from cervicovaginal lavage, vaginal swab or cervical swab; FGS negative – negative Schistosoma PCR and negative circulating anodic antigen and negative urine microscopy and negative expert-reviewed colposcopy imaging.