Table 2.
Crude and adjusted associations (with 95% confidence intervals) of FGS* status with concentrations of cytokines and chemokines in cervicovaginal lavage**.
| Analyte | %(n) above LLOQ | FGS Negative ‡n=159 | FGS n=28 | p-value‡‡ | GMR FGS vs FGS Negative (n=28) † | p-value † † |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Linear Regression - Analytes with >70% above LLOQ | ||||||
| Eotaxin | 73.6 (156) | 3.85 | 3.92 | 0.22 | 1.48 (0.95–2.32) | 0.08 |
| Interferon–γ | 84.0 (178) | 0.91 | 0.80 | 0.71 | 0.98 (0.64–1.51) | 0.94 |
| IL–10 | 90.1 (191) | 0.98 | 1.33 | 0.75 | 1.02 (0.65–1.61) | 0.93 |
| IL–17A | 93.4 (198) | 1.38 | 1.86 | 0.14 | 1.37 (0.85–2.23) | 0.64 |
| IL1–α | 99.5 (211) | 44.00 | 73.08 | 0.17 | 1.24 (0.63–2.44) | 0.19 |
| IL1–β | 93.4 (198) | 9.79 | 9.05 | 0.38 | 1.59 (0.56–4.51) | 0.52 |
| IL–4 | 96.2 (204) | 2.79 | 3.42 | 0.20 | 1.41 (0.94–2.12) | 0.09 |
| IL–6 | 87.7 (186) | 2.85 | 3.81 | 0.67 | 1.14 (0.56–2.35) | 0.71 |
| IL–8 | 100.0 (212) | 526.03 | 566.68 | 0.33 | 1.29 (0.75–2.19) | 0.34 |
| IP–10 | 100.0 (212) | 101.86 | 128.38 | 0.42 | 1.34 (0.68–2.66) | 0.39 |
| MCP–1 | 100.0 (212) | 29.04 | 24.68 | 0.79 | 0.98 (0.53–1.83) | 0.95 |
| MIP1–α | 98.1 (208) | 4.23 | 3.61 | 0.15 | 0.62 (0.36–1.08) | 0.09 |
| MIP1–β | 84.0 (177) | 1.32 | 1.64 | 0.67 | 1.05 (0.54–2.05) | 0.89 |
| Logistic Regression - Analytes with <70% above LLOQ | ||||||
| Analyte | %(n) above LLOQ |
FGS Negative %(n=159) |
FGS %(n=28) |
p-valueχ | OR FGS vs FGS Negativeχχ | p-value# |
| IL–5 | 17.0 (36) | 13.84 (22) | 32.1 (9) | 0.02 | 3.44 (1.30–9.05) | 0.02 |
| IL–13 | 32.6 (69) | 32.7 (52) | 35.7 (10) | 0.76 | 1.17 (0.50–2.75) | 0.72 |
| IL–15 | 47.2 (100) | 44.7 (71) | 60.7 (17) | 0.12 | 1.91 (0.84–4.36) | 0.12 |
| TNF–α | 41.0 (87) | 35.9 (57) | 50.0 (14) | 0.15 | 1.85 (0.81–4.22) | 0.14 |
FGS, female genital schistosomiasis; GMR, geometric mean ratio; LLOQ, lower limit of quantification.
*FGS – Schistosoma PCR positive specimen from cervicovaginal lavage, vaginal swab or cervical swab; FGS negative – negative Schistosoma PCR and negative circulating anodic antigen and negative urine microscopy and negative expert-reviewed colposcopy imaging.
** Concentrations are reported in pg/ml.
‡n=25 Participants with probable FGS are not shown.
‡‡ Rank sum p-value.
†Adjusted for age, STI, educational level attained, community of residence, and hormonal contraception.
††F-test p-value.
χ Chi-squared p-value.
χχ Adjusted for age and STI.
#Likelihood ratio test p-value.