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. 2021 Mar 5;14(5):1240. doi: 10.3390/ma14051240

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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An overview of the main imaging techniques to assess bone damage at different scales. Macro- and meso-scale techniques are depicted in a darker color, while micro- and nano-scale imaging techniques are represented in a brighter color. VFA: Vertebral Fracture Assessment; QCT: Quantitative Computed Tomography; MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging; pQCT: peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography; Micro-CT: Micro Computed Tomography; LSCM: Laser Scanning Confocal Microscopy; SEM: Scanning Electron Microscopy; SR imaging: Synchrotron Radiation imaging; AFM: Atomic Force Microscopy.