Table 1.

Proinflammatory cytokine blockers adalimumab, etanercept, anakinra, and ABT-981 in knee OA.

Reference	Compound	Intervention	Patients	Duration	Results
Wang [132]	Adalimumab (ETA)	10 mg intraarticular ADA + Celecoxib 200 mg/day versus 25 mg HA + Celecoxib 200 mg/day	ADA + Celecoxib (N = 28) HA + Celecoxib (N = 28)	4 weeks	The authors found a significant improvement in pain and functionality in the ADA group.
Ohtori et al. [133]	Etanercept (ETN)	10 mg intraarticular ETN versus 25 mg HA	ETN (N = 19) HA (N = 20)	4 weeks	An initial significant amelioration was obtained in the ETN group compared to HA (weeks 1 and 2), yet the results were not maintained at week 4.
Chevalier et al. [134]	Anakinra (ANR)	150 mg intraarticular ANR 50 mg intraarticular ANR versus Placebo	ANR 150 mg (N = 67) ANR 50 mg (N = 34) Placebo (N = 69)	12 weeks	A significant pain improvement was observed in the 150 mg ANR group compared to 50 mg ANR at day 4. Overall, intraarticular ANR did not demonstrate notable benefits, irrespective of the dose.
Wang et al. [135]	ABT-981	ABT-981 (various doses) versus Placebo	ABT-981 0.3 mg/kg fortnightly (N = 7) 1 mg/kg fortnightly (N = 7) 3 mg/kg fortnightly (N = 7) 3 mg/kg every 4 weeks (N = 7) Placebo (N = 8)	113 days (cohorts 1, 2, and 3) 127 days (cohort 4)	Mean hsCRP decreased through week 2 irrespective of ABT-981 dose/administration interval. While IL-1α and IL-1β were lower in the treatment group, serum vascular endothelial growth factor and MMP-9 did not demonstrate significant changes.