Table 2.
Relationship between dietary scores and frailty, using multivariable-adjusted ordinary least squares regression analyses
| Dietary scores | Unstandardized beta-coefficients (95%CI) | Standardized beta-coefficients | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| NI (per 0.1 point) | 0.014 (0.002 to 0.025) | 0.19 | 0.017 |
| NI squared | − 0.003 (− 0.006 to 0.000) | − 0.32 | 0.061 |
| NI cubic | 0.000 (0.000 to 0.001) | 0.26 | 0.008 |
| E-DII (per 1 point) | 0.002 (0.001 to 0.002) | 0.03 | < 0.001 |
| HEI-2015 (per 10 points) | 0.003 (− 0.003 to 0.010) | 0.04 | 0.307 |
| HEI-2015 squared | − 0.001 (− 0.001 to 0.000) | − 0.09 | 0.022 |
| MDS (per 1 point)* | − 0.003 (− 0.004 to − 0.002) | − 0.05 | < 0.001 |
| DASH (per 1 point) | − 0.001 (− 0.002 to − 0.001) | − 0.02 | 0.003 |
| E-DII (per 1 point) | 0.000 (0.000 to 0.001) | 0.01 | 0.293 |
| NI (per 0.1 point) | 0.008 (0.007 to 0.009) | 0.12 | < 0.001 |
| HEI-2015 (per 10 points) | 0.006 (0.000 to 0.012) | 0.08 | 0.048 |
| HEI-2015 squared | − 0.001 (−0.001 to 0.000) | − 0.10 | 0.008 |
| NI (per 0.1 point) | 0.008 (0.007 to 0.009) | 0.11 | < 0.001 |
| MDS (per 1 point) | − 0.002 (− 0.003 to − 0.001) | − 0.03 | < 0.001 |
| NI (per 0.1 point) | 0.011 (0.010 to 0.012) | 0.11 | < 0.001 |
| DASH (per 1 point) | − 0.001 (− 0.002 to − 0.001) | − 0.02 | 0.002 |
| NI (per 0.1 point) | 0.018 (0.007 to 0.019) | 0.12 | < 0.001 |
| HEI-2015 (per 10 points) | − 0.004 (− 0.006 to − 0.003) | − 0.05 | < 0.001 |
| E-DII (per 1 point) | 0.000 (0.000 to 0.001) | − 0.01 | 0.427 |
| MDS (per 1 point) | − 0.003 (− 0.004 to − 0.002) | − 0.04 | < 0.001 |
| E-DII (per 1 point) | 0.000 (0.000 to 0.001) | 0.01 | 0.190 |
| DASH (per 1 point) | 0.000 (− 0.001 to 0.001) | 0.00 | 0.916 |
| E-DII (per 1 point) | 0.002 (0.001 to 0.003) | 0.03 | 0.002 |
| MDS (per 1 point) | − 0.002 (− 0.003 to 0.000) | − 0.03 | 0.001 |
| HEI-2015 (per 10 points) | − 0.003 (− 0.004 to − 0.001) | − 0.03 | < 0.001 |
| DASH (per 1 point) | 0.001 (0.000 to 0.002) | 0.01 | 0.193 |
| HEI-2015 (per 10 points) | − 0.004 (− 0.006 to − 0.003) | − 0.05 | < 0.001 |
| DASH (per 1 point) | 0.000 (− 0.001 to 0.000) | − 0.01 | 0.302 |
| MDS (per 1 point) | − 0.003 (− 0.004 to − 0.002) | − 0.04 | < 0.001 |
Higher NI and E-DII scores and lower HEI-2015, MDS, and DASH scores represent worse dietary pattern/intake. All regression models were adjusted for age, sex, race, educational level, marital status, employment status, smoking, study cohort and BMI. In an initial model we tested the linear relationship, in the second model we added the squared term, and in the third model we added the cubic term. We present results only for the highest order model that was statistically significant. If none of the models were statistically significant, we present the linear model
BMI body mass index, DASH Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, E-DII Energy-density Dietary Inflammatory Index, FI Frailty index, HEI-2015 Healthy Eating Index-2015, MDS Mediterranean Diet Score, NI Nutrition Index
*This regression model was additionally adjusted for energy intake. The standardized beta-coefficients were calculated by multiplying the unstandardized coefficient by the ratio of the standard deviations of the dietary scores and frailty index